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Stewart Park - Information Related to Designation as Historic Landmark (reference material)
r 4 i :r' Report of the Boston Landmarks Commission on the potential designation of the BOSTON COMMON as a Landmark under Chapter 772 of the Acts of 1975 Approved by: / �/G ccz..o- 24 - .,,,/sz /777 Executive Dire 916r bate '1 4,r',P1q Approved by: #,. .��►�. ..l .. ,. / Lg77 airman I ate CONTENTS 1.0 Location 2.0 Description 3.0 Significance 4.0 Physical History 5.0 Economic Status 6.0 Planning Context 7.0 Alternative Approaches Recommendations p C Standards and Criteria Bibliography 41' a, . BOSTON COMMON 1.0 LOCATION OF THE PROPERTY 1.1 Address: bounded by Park, Beacon, Charles, Boylston, and Tremont Streets. • 1.2 Area in which property is located: Boson Common is located in downtown Boston. Early in the city's history, the Common was surrounded by residences, but the expansion of business and the opening of Beacon Hill, Back Bay, and other residential areas emptied the downtown of homeowners. The Common's north boundary faces Beacon Hill, the last of the original Trimountain peaks, and a stable residential community. 1.3 Map showing location: Attached. i . . V To Tobin Memorial Bridge DOWNTOWN �� ' To No.20 Bunker Hill Monument ' ,ta �•t CHARLESTOWN \ BOSTON +l', o I. .l'E o C ,,,Nt;. • .____ ,,, till! ,;',- ,Fs.*V", ,c ,, 12 \ •♦ i r_ , Haoa r Pm.No.I EAST / \ "The Revolution" 9. Tea Party Ship /......'.---- • Boston 200 Exhibition• O. Center for the Arts \ • S\ "Tne Grand Exposition" 1. New England Aquarium • _Boston 200 Exhibition• 2. U.S.S.Constitutlon •\ _ ' BOSTON INNER HAR/TOR I. "Where's Boston" 3. Old North Church Boston 200 Exhibition• 4. Old State House R.R.Bridge I. New City Hall 5. State House m \ " \� Boston 200 Information Center• 6. Paul Revere House �o o\�� i. Freedom Trail Information Cent. 7• Old South Meeting House . c - Z UQ(' 95 \�/i ///1' 8. Mu eull Hall lQ rl,vra + np�G `moo\�\ i. Hancock-Boston 200 Information �, S s Cente►• 9. Museum of Fine Arts +•P, Char ter.. &aanyWarr, to/i !e\t P. Museum of Science 20. Bunker Hill Monument /4 s *" 0•/41.:3/,/i,\ 1. Boston Public Library 21. Afro-American Meeting House• © 7 O �� �`P ` ` �/ boo 22. John 13.Hynes Veterans Aud. Si ■ �, \n `� 5// ,/iao Ia • y +w /i ///GE <Z'� North Station N.kyrika. \ r?!I v. tc /_ Boston r' 5IIKOMW .. LO an •Sites will not be open to the public until Garden % 1. 1 y April, 1975. % Charles River ` Ti` ,..14 3 `` , wro wn.r International ' 7a, z '(I(I�I Airport r....se, ' 4'... yw , ! / •/ Al r. Park Apts. ��+ \ Y;`,�•o �,�' ' ±;mss nwnt P 110 MI°c CAMBRIDGE © R 474,. ,,& \\\111"'-,... �j.',. r; fir.+ ` Mass.Gen. t"` v`t y�I e♦9� ec' Yv ' I� ! t2. ("Mot Hospital 'O a °' .y;;� Lewis Wharf 4 SR. 'r , . -, ` ;""' BOSTON \ ° _a "on,e O © 31f, II , titl,, +.'• f O CAMBRIDGE _ o 4...i.,. ' /*111, , IW.A v.\1 LIB' '•' ;•. ■ , 0 �E.,,, t,,,awe,,, INNER (�d v assaehus�t I Jy` ' ", •, f\p" \�S nstitute ob Y o i� g� II^ I I' c ire.R "IByCi ' jti - Excursion Boats clot to / ` of'— • �: 11 )) f r� Ot A Q m]" �.!•� _ _", , uJ {• �, ANe,«wTUr //AR/TOR.Drt ,(\ m : , ) I\51 / \ V= _l \,I\— 1" _. Ai/qv," • w rnOw wMA Oil 1 flown Win PR�t: / /,/ V 1 4=,` --- :0 i ��, �' ,� .■ :11;:,, � 5!",• " r ' I 4Excursion Boats •/ ,_q-0,,,\011100,01 ";:o O tl • is ("' i ... . ..,...-----;- :. , ,,,,, V Nti a\ ",, vat....' —. 14,./,,,,4,:„,43,,,,..topeellillfriiiiii.1.1R '1'.;'0.11°C----- 7\% V ". j6e404h, :6:46°,41\,,,, ...A .f , --- ‘ .000'' 00" ,.....---- croorolv4 11--- El ©t �♦ , a It, uv.' ,�o •♦1 D Q Off.` rt, t r+� PH,3 fir--- .7x,....1-^k34:311• 3: u� � ' t� U/� Est. "�^,i rt a• I, 7 +� .� $ .4 �✓ _ 0'6C EtP� ' , IP ,/�/��J��),,, • I'• clli ,, OUIh ���. . y`t .. j4 ' � i/4, ��\�(�!�\(��i� /• �1��� , ,,,,,ii r i y Station •,. e t ,:`F' SOUTH , o -=1� ,�1a ✓// �\ ttP /y 2� \- : •,,i 11 "milk_ 47 is *$' r?c, `!ry OS O S T O N /�" I �m �� t� /� �\. v m Hancock 0 ra �'� ,S. � a lij t; • Q .,+ r ,J �_ _� Nr O s, �rP Building ` �' ' "'' ST , �� ,,.t�John B.Hynes '��.��,E����04 "i"� s //��s I 4 2,1;errs ruR.NIRE'— Veterans Au d. ;t,- :r= awss cNUSrrr \'' '�a 1 J / * 'r'ri fir? f• • ,it Q ��. 5.1.+'Nall Prudential Center rn liw°" �� t�/ r ::at ~Q Casde Square r I 74V—\ •! n ,k • � Prouec 9 /s roadwa Copyright,THE NATIONAL SURVEY,1974 �.• ,TO No. f9 t� • l t Chester,Vermont OSIt� ' rh•t.,i.n A4nsrv!!no/. /!': �. + • Brld e • --�\ \�1��` �i.- ` '1 / ' \t‘ "OA',''' ''' . \‘, .. % : : \_:,,,\-.7y 4 ss.:\„.k.c).C,:s„,\., . . . . 1110000,%, , -I 1 . •_, ..-■:,..- -."' ,-- \t..\- .-: ‘,:N.• . , ' s:,..•:--, ..- .4, '‘ li• - 10,1k . • - ... , • -- ----- Iii*Si. 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(...."v \III\...- , . illIP.. - . 1,.\\........,..----. A A---- ' • : :..--- ,. --. - \ •-"\\*'0.......t.'*,;.),„-- 'AI % ‘ ...„ . ..... ..,...- ....\ .„;;..„.: .- ;....... \. •I • 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY 2.1 Type and Use: The property, consisting of 50 acres, is a public park. The Common was given to the town of Boston in 1634 for use as a public park, as pasture and as a military training ground. The City of Boston Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for maintenance. 2.2 General Description: ji,A,,t5 Boston Common is an irregular pentagon of grass, trees, and • a� j- man-made features with four sides facing built-upon streets ' 4G'P ��'�' and the fifth facing the Public Garden. The principal features of the Common are: (1) its topography; (2) its surroundings; 01 (3) paths, walkways and malls; and (4) monuments and buildings. 1. Topography: The Common once shared the whole town's irregular topography. But just as the Trimount, Fort Hill and Boston's other peaks were leveled for fill, the Common's terrain has been considerably smoothed by man. The Common has two points higher than the rest of the park: the corner of Park and Beacon Streets, and centrally located Flagstaff Hill (site of the Soldiers and Sailors Monument). Park and Beacon Streets opposite the State House is the top of r,. a slope of Beacon Hill: the park slopes gently along Beacon I / i, Street toward the Public Garden (a drop of 59 feet over a `' distance of 1/2 mile), and more precipitously down Park Street ( v to Tremont (40 feet in 600). Flagstaff Hill rises 20 feet above the surrounding area, dropping 13 feet to the Frog Pond. That pond is the only body of water remaining on the Common, and itself is not in its natural state: the pond is paved over with concrete (a project done for sanitary reasons in the 1920's), and an artificial ice system is imbedded under part of the surface of the pond, with control building nearby. A fountain at the eastmost part of the pond is the source of water during the summer; the pond is drained, except for the skating surface, for the winter. , The patter _of trees on the Common lia..pysliieda over the years since die c ange in eneral ur ose from razin to recr ation. fTi� 4 1v` �t c moste famous pwas rthe Great Elm,e22S feet dac across, in the central a ' portion of the Common (commeorated by a plaque). Later drawings show trees planted in the malls that decorated the periphery of the Common, and a 1925 report by the Parks Commission describes extensive planting of trees along the • WEB) -Y4 C ,,vi t I © ¢��5 t pathways that criss-cross the Common. The principal species of trees on the Common, found in a 1972 survey by Carol R. *J ` ' Johnson and Associates, are elm and linden; other species include oak, yellowwood, maple, chestnut, and cherry. 2. Surroundings: The Common once was the center of a bucolic residential area. Public buildings, such as the town granary and the alms house, began to encroach on the resi- dences in the 18th century. The building of the new State House in 1795-98 was the major step that began the change from "country" to "city" in the Common's neighborhood. The Park Street boundary of the Common faces the 1810 Park Street Church, its new office building, the modern Paulist Catholic Center, and such older buildings as the Amory- Tincknor House (1804) at the corner of Park and Beacon Streets. That northmost corner of the Common is dominated by the Bulfinch State House; the rest of Beacon Street, heading west-southwest toward Charles Street, consists of Federal Period row houses for which Beacon Hill is famous. The Charles Street boundary, once (though not initially) the water line, faces the Public Garden. The Boylston Street boundary, including the Central Burying Ground, faces a deterior- ating business row, and two commercial theaters; a theater district rehabilitation program may provide a more attractive frontage along this street. 3. Paths, Walkways, and Malls: Five principal paths and numerous smaller ones define pedestrian routes on the Common. A sixth major path, along Charles Street, was defoliated by the construction of the underground parking garage. Along Tremont Street, the Lafayette Mall (complete with memorial to the French general) covers the entire distance from Park to Boylston Street. Trees in brick planters are the principal features of this path. The Railroad Mall, more a pathway than a formal mall, cuts across the Common from the Parkman Plaza fountain to the corner of Charles and Boylston Streets. This path is the most direct route to the Parkman Bandstand. Liberty Mall, at 100 feet the Common's widest, runs approxi- mately parallel to Park Street from the Brewer Fountain to the Shaw Memorial across the street from the State House. The Oliver Wendell Holmes Mall traces a path from Boylston and Tremont Streets to the Guild Memorial, circumnavigating the Frog Pond and Flagstaff Hill. A short mall along Beacon Street connects the Guild and Shaw Memorials. Other paths, concrete, brick or asphalt in construc- tion, connect points of various interest. 4. Monuments, Buildings, and Facilities: Numerals in paren- theses refer to those on the attached map. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (1) was erected in 1897 in memory of Colonel Robert Shaw of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, the first regiment of free black men that fought in the Civil War. The bas-relief was designed by Augustus St. Gaudens, and the architects were McKim, Mead and White (designers of the Boston Public Library). The Curtis Guild Memorial Entrance (2) at Beacon and Joy Streets was built in 1917 from a design by Cram and Ferguson. The Blackstone Memorial Tablet (3), at Beacon and Spruce Streets, commemorates William Blackstone, the first settler of the Shawmut peninsula and an original owner of the Common. R. Clipston Sturgis designed the tablet, which was installed in 1914. A plaque to the Royal Navy (4) and a plaque indicating the site of Fox Hill (5) are located at Charles Street between the garage ramps. The Soldiers and Sailors Monument (6) atop Flagstaff Hill was designed by Martin Milmore, and erected in 1877. The monument is dedicated to the men of Boston who died "in the war which kept the Union whole, destroyed slavery, and maintained the Constitution. . ." (from the inscription). The Oneida Football Club tablet (7) is dedicated to the first organized football club in the United States. The Founding of Boston Memorial bas relief (8) was placed at Park and Spruce Streets in 1930 in honor of the tercentennial of the city's founding. The artists was John F. Paramino, and the architectural setting was designed by Charles A. Coolidge. It commemorates the arrival of John Winthrop in Boston. The Brewer Foundation (9) is named in honor of its donor, Gardner Brewer, and is designed after an award-winning 1855 French fountain. It was installed June 3, 1868. A statue (10) of Commodore John Barry statues (11, 12, 13) depicting Religion, Training, and Industry were erected in 1961 around the Parkman Plaza fountain. They were designed by Cascierie and diBiccari. A tablet (14) commemorating the Declaration of Independence was designed by Paramino and placed along Lafayette Mall in 1925. The Boston Massacre Monument (15) was erected in 1888 from a design by artist Robert Kraus. A memorial to the five who died in the 1770 Massacre, it consists of such standard sym- bolism as "Free America" holding a flag in her left hand, and 13 stars atop the monument. This project was proposed by the Irish and Black communities of Boston, who induced the legis- lature to spend the needed $10,000 despite unanimous opposition from the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic and Geneaological Society. The Boston City Council in 1888 added the conical top to the column on account of what the Council believed poor taste. The George F. Parkman Memorial Bandstand (16) was erected in 1912 from a design by Robinson and Shepard. The radial-path landscaping was added in the early 1920's under the adminis- tration of Mayor James M. Curley. The Central Burying Ground (26) is included within the acreage of the Common but is an entity in itself. Located on Boylston Street between Tremont and Charles, this cemetery was established in 1756; many British soldiers killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill were buried here. Floodlighted baseball fields and tennis courts (27) are the sole "active recreational" facilities on the Common, although sessions of frisbee or touch football often take place in other open areas throughout the Common. The Boston Common Underground Garage (28), built in the early 1960's at the Chalres Street end of the Common, has added four one story kiosks and two motor ramps to the park, while it has subtracted trees, grass and topsoil. Planting of trees is, of course, restricted here because of the closeness of the garage's roof; however, a 1925 map of the Common shows this area as a "parade ground," as now, with trees only on the periphery. Five subway kiosks (29), entrances to America's oldest under- ground transit system, are located near Park, West and Boylston Streets along Tremont. Four of these are the original granite entrances, dating back to 1897; the fifth, at West Street, serves as a tourist information center, and was enlarged by the M.B.T.A. and Boston 200 for Bicentennial increase in tourism. 2.3 General Condition: Recent capital expenditures have improved the condition of the Common, especially along the malls at Tremont, Park and Beacon Streets. Re-casting and resetting of the decorative iron fence along Park Street is in progress. Most trees require significant attention, in part because of epidemic Dutch Elm Disease. 2.4 Photographs: Attached. . . • ••...••.••:•:-. '.• '' ' - - • .. • h (l'••i i• "••• . ' • • ' 1 " i I.*b.** . • 4.4 '44 •I. • ' ,.• . • •• i.3 k # 1 ii ,-.1 cAttl *1:1r.-1•'?4 • . - • • ----- ie., •••- os,•-•:' • .. • i • • • • I. S...t j , . _ - 1 '" t. •• ,. 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L 7 /I'�� • ^ r• ( i. �'� ry�; /� r .p�' � %. •n.' � :�y S 0• l�i•�f ' 1111•C.h •F;•. .‘. .....!'''..• • ' Te "...T. Si •• • 3.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROPERTY 3.1 Historic Associations: Boston Common's principal significance, and for which it is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, is its status as the first public park in the United States and as an early American military training ground. It was set aside in 1634 as common land for the citizens, as pasturage for cattle owned by Bostonians, and as a training field for local militia. An 1877 citizens committee report on public rights in Boston Common stated that "the origin of Boston Common is. . . not a matter of public record. If it were laid out before A.D. 1634, no record would be found, as the earliest voluipe of the town records begins on September 1st of that year." However, sparse the data may be, historians have asserted that the land had not been formally dedicated earlier than 1634, and that the area's boundaries and use were defined about 1640. The citizens report's best evidence of 1634 as date of the Common's founding is a deposition by four early Boston settlers taken in 1684. "They testified that, in or about 1634, the town bought of William Blackstone all his right and interest in any lands within the neck of land called Boston, excepting about six acres around his dwelling house. 'After which purchase the town laid out a place for a training field, which ever since, and now' (i.e. , 164), 'is used for that purpose and the feeding of cattell.'" As early as 1663, John Josselyn, an Englishman, wrote about the men and women of Boston taking their evening stroll on the Common. Then as now, children enjoyed wading in the Frog Pond in the summer and skating on it in the winter. As Boston grew over the years, the value of the Common as a public open space increased. West of the Common were marsh- lands, the nearer parts of which were granted by the town to ropemakers in 1794. Boston, by this time a city, repurchased the ropewalk territory in 1824; here the beginnings of the Public Garden took shape. The Central Burying Ground on the Common was established in 1756. Soldiers who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and during the British occupation were buried there, as were peacetime citizens of Boston. The Common proper served as 1. "The Public Rights in Boston Common; the report of a committee of citizens," p. 58. Boston: Press of Rockwell and Churchill, 1877. 2. Ibid. training field for Boston's military companies - by 1674 there • were eight such companies - as well as for companies of surround- ing towns. In 1758, General Amherst's army of 4,500 men encamped on the Common enroute to Albany and Canada. Among the important political events that occurred on the Common in the years preceding the Revolution was the celebra- tion of the repeal of the Stamp Act, May 19, 1766. Cause for celebration was short-lived: strict new revenue acts were passed in 1768, and such strong local objection ensued that British troops were stationed in Boston, encamped on the Common. These troops were removed after the Boston Massacre of 1770 but returned after the Boston Tea Party of 1773. On April 18, 1775, British troops gathered at the foot of the Common before marching to Lexington. During the siege of British-held Boston by the Patriots in the winter of 1775-76, the British army constructed a small earthwork for infrantry at the northwest corner of the Common. A small stronghold was established on Fox Hill, near the present Charles Street and subsequently cut down for fill. The artillery had their entrenchments on Flagstaff Hill, and behind were three battalions of infantry. A regular garrison of 1,700 men remained encamped on the Common to prevent a landing by General Washington's troops. Ultimately the British were forced to evacuate Boston, and the Common thereafter was secure. As the years passed, its original uses continued, but conservation and recreation gradually overshadowed cattle grazing and military exercises, until an 1830 ordinance forbade grazing altogether. Along with Government Center, the Common is the city's most popular place for outdoor public meetings. Perhaps the largest of such meetings was held October 15, 1969, the day of the moratorium against the Vietnam War, when an estimated 100,000 jammed the Common to protest miliary action - an ironic use for the former militia training ground. 3.2 Architectural Significance: To the extent that Boston Common has remained unbuilt upon since 1634, it is an example of early conservation of natural territory. The landscape architecture consists of three components: malls, leveling hills and filling depressions, and plantings. The mall of most significance is Lafayette Mall, built as (simply) The Mall in 1733 - now trees are in planters on the street side, presumably to protect the subway roof. Beacon Street Mall was designed in 1816. Hills, such as Fox Hill (near the garage entrance ramps), were cut down for fill just as the surrounding hills of the town. This fill remained on the Common - and now, except for Flagstaff Hill, the Common's terrain reflects the general lie of the city, down from Beacon Hill. Plantings, originally nonexistent as the Common's greenery was that which occurred naturally, took more importance after the 1830 prohibition of grazing. The Common thus became a park, and trees were planted primarily around pathways. Much of the Common's significance lies in the amount and quality of the sculpture that adorns it. Works by St. Gaudens, Kraus, Milmore and others make the Common, and adjacent Public Garden, a museum of monument sculpture from the 1860's to the present. Finally, the significance of the Common is secured by the architecture and environment provided by its surroundings. The Federal houses of Beacon Hill, the State House, Park Street Church, St. Paul's CCathedral, and others all face the Common and contribute to the quality of this historic environ- ment. 3.3 Relationship to the Criteria for Landmark Designation Boston Common satisfies two of the criteria for Landmark as set out in Section 4, Chapter 772 of the Acts of 1975. First, along with the Public Garden it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an action that took effect July 12, 1972. Secondly, .the Common is a site on which events occurred that have made an outstanding contribution to the political, military and social history of the city, the Commonwealth , the New England region and the nation. • 4.0 PHYSICAL HISTORY When first purchased in 1634, Boston Common was bounded by streets following the pattern of these streets of today: on the southeast, Tremont Street (then called Common Street); on the southwest, the rear of house lots on Boylston Street (Frog Lane); on the west, Back Bay's mud flats; on the north and northeast, Beacon Street running down to Tremont. yr., The first taking of Common property was the 1660 burying ground (now called the Granary Burying Ground) that extended from its present southerly boundary up to Beacon Street. Two years later, adjoining land was taken for public buildings: a public granary (note that the Granary Burying Ground is older than the granary for which it is named), almshouse, jail, and bridewell. Park Street, formalizing the division, was laid out in 1733. The land for the Central Burying ground was purchased in 1756, and the town bought 2 1/2 acres from William Foster in 1787: these two acquisitions established Boylston Street as the southwest boundary. Charles Street, laid out in 1803, straightened the western boudnary and made the final change in the Common's shape. The principal reasons for the relative stability in the Common's boundaries are a 1640 town ordinance and the 1822 City Charter. The ordinance prohibited sale by the town of any Common property • for houses or gardens; the Charter, provided to the city by the General Court, has forbidden any sale for whatever reason without the Court's approval. 5.0 ECONOMIC STATUS 5.1 Assessment, Occupancy, and Summary: Boston Common is owned by the City of Boston, and thus no property taxes are paid on the land. The property is open to the public; capital improvements and maintenance are carried out with City of Boston funds, sometimes assisted by grants from the Federal government. No change in status of ownership or use is expected. 6.0 PLANNING CONTEXT 6.1 Summary: The predominant planning issue relating to Boston Common is the degree to which it can absorb intensive use, not only by residents of neighboring areas but from metropolitan area residents and tourists who enjoy the space. Intensive use packs the soil under trees, reducing the soil's permeability for water and oxygen. Worn grass and erosion affect the areas around Charles Street, the Parkman Bandstand, Park Street, and Parkman Plaza. Some engineers may be tempted to respond to pedestrian overload by adding hard surfaced areas - an approach not fully compatible with the natural character of the Common, and one that overlooks the poor condition of many paths that do exist. On the other hand, controls on pedestrian use, such as those on the Public Garden, reduces the public's enjoyment. Recent proposals for new development in the Park Square area at Boylston Street (now, in the Park Plaza proposal, restricted to areas directly fronting the Public Garden) provoked public concern on the impact on the Common of new development. The issues, addressed in the environmental impact statement on Park Plaza, include: increase in general use contributing to erosion and soil compaction; and shadows, caused by high rise development, that can adversely affect vegetation growth and public enjoyment. Increased population of the immediate area caused by new housing development will also increase demand for "active recreational" facilities on the Common. Two such facilities now exist which already serve to the detriment of the Common's natural appearance and general character as passive use space - no doubt pressure for more such facilities will come. In its 1973 report on "Rehabilitation of the Boston Common and Public Gardens" (sic) prepared by Carol R. Johnson and Associates, the Boston Redevelopment Authority noted that, although rehabili- tation can correct current physical problems, ". . .without a strong park maintenance and security system, restored areas will soon fall again into decay." The City of Boston Department of Parks and Recreation has taken steps to address the need for continued maintenance (along with extensive capital improvements in 1975-76), but the City's financial problems may reduce the city's capacity to maintain the Common - thus presenting the problem all over again. • 6.2 Proposed Public Improvements: The City of Boston Department of Parks and Recreation is completing major capital improvements, including new lighting and paving of malls and pathways and replacement of fencing, to the Common. This project was begun in 1975 as the Department's Bicentennial project. If funding should become available, the principal improvement planned by the Department is the replacement of modernistic lighting fixtures with fixtures consistent with traditional lighting design. 7.0 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES As a result of its historic associations and National Register status, Boston Common clearly satisfies the criteria for Landmark designation. Such a designation would mean that future-physical changes to the property would have to be reviewed and approved by the Boston Landmarks Commission. Landmark designation would provide a high degree of protection for this historic resource. The sole alternative is for the Commission not to designate the Common as a Landmark. It is already part of the National Register of Historic Places, listed together with the Public Garden on July 12, 1972. Although the Common would be a logical component of an "Emerald Necklace" Landmark District, running to Franklin Park through the Public Garden, the Fens and Arnold Arboretum, Chapter 772 does not permit Districts or Protection Areas in the downtown Boston area. Accordingly, no such District can be designated. 8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS The staff of the Boston Landmarks Commission recommends that Boston Common be designated a Landmark under Chapter 772 of the Acts of 1975. Boundaries for this designation should be the curb lines of Park Street, Beacon Street, Charles Street, Boylston Street, and Tremont Street. Recommended standards and criteria for review of proposed changes area attached. 3/8/78 %�- ��— 9.0 BOSTON LANDMARKS COMMISSION - STANDARDS AND CRITERIA 9.1 Introductory Statement on Standards and Criteria to be Used in Evaluating Applications for Certificates Per Secti ns 4E fC 7 and 8 of the enabling statute (Chapter 772 of the GL_L `bf the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for-1075), Standards and Criteria must be adopted for each Landmark Designation which shall be applied by the Commission in evaluating proposed changes to the property. Before a Certificate of Design Approval or Certificate of the Exemption can be issued for such changes, the changes must be reviewed by the Commission with regard to their con- formance to the purposes of the statute. The Standards and Criteria established thus note those features which must be conserved and/or enhanced to maintain the viability of the Landmark Designation. The intent of these guidelines is to help local officials, designers, and individual property owners to identify the characteristics that have led to designation, and thus to identify the limitation to the chances that can be made to them. It should be emphasized that conformance to the Standards and Criteria alone does not necessarily insure approval, nor are they absolute, but any re- quest for variance from them must demonstrate the reasons for, and advantages gained by, such variance. The Commission's Certificate of Design Approval is only granted after careful review of each application and public hearing, in accordance with the statute. As intended by the statute a wide variety of buildings and features are included within the area open to Landmark Designation, and an equally wide range exists in the latitude allowed for change. Some properties of truly exceptional architectural and/or historical value will permit only the most minor modifications, while for some others the Commission encourages changes and additions with a contemporary approach, consistent with the properties' existing features and changed uses. In general, the intent of the Standards and Criteria is to preserve existing qualities that cause designation of a property; however, in some cases they have been so structured as to encourage the removal of additions that have lessened the integrity of the property. GENERAL STANDARDS AND CRITERIA FOR PHYSICAL, LANDSCAPE OR TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURE(S) DESIGNATED AS LANDMARKS A. APPROACH 1 . The design approach to the property should be.3►r1 with the premise that the value of a landscape is in its variety. Alternatives will be allowed if they conform to an overall master plan and maintain the features described as significant in the study report. 2. Changes to the property which have taken place in the course of time are evidence of the history of the property and the neighbor- hood. These changes to the property may have developed significance in their own right, and this significance should be recognized, respected and evaluated. 3. New architectural materials should, whenever appropriate , match the material being replaced in physical properties , design , color, texture, and other visual qualities. 4. New additions or alterations to the landscape should not disrupt the essential form and integrity of the property and should be compatible with the size ,scale, color, material , and character of the property. 5. New additions or alternations should be done in such a way that if they were to be removed in the future , the essential form and integrity of the landscape could be restored. 6. Priority shall be given to those portions of the property that serve as the more important public ways. B. WALKS, STEPS AND PAVED AREAS 1 . Deteriorated paving should be replaced with the same material or a material which matches as closely as possible. Consideration will be given to an alternate paving material if it can be shown that its properties will assist in- site maintenance and/or will be a design improvement. 2. Present layout of the walks , steps and paved areas should be maintained. Consideration will be given to alterations if it can be shown that these will improve site circulation and are part of an overall master plan. C. PLANT MATERIALS 1 . All plants should be cared for according to good horticultural practices. Hazardous plants or portions of plants should be removed . promptly. Plants with diseases that it is not practical to control or cure should be removed promptly to prevent their infection of others. Mutilated or distorted plants should also be removed. e - . Introductory Statement on Standards and Criteria page two It is recognized that changes will be required in designated pro- perties for a wide variety of reasons, not all of which are under the complete control of the Commission or the owners. Primary examples are: a) Building code conformance and safety requirements. b) Changes necessitated by the introduction of modern mechanical and electrical systems. c) Changes due to proposed new uses of a property. The response to these requirements may, in some cases, present conflicts with the Standards and Criteria for a particular property. The Commission's evaluation of an application will be based upon the degree to which such changes are in harmony with the character of the property. In some cases, priorities have been assigned within the Standards and Criteria as an aid to property owners in identifying the most critical design features. The Standards and Criteria have been divided into two levels: (1) those general ones that are common to almost all landmark designations (with three different categories for buildings, building interiors and landscape features); and (2) those specific ones that apply to each particular property that is designated. In every case the Specific Standard and Criteria for a particular property shall take precedence over the General ones if there is a conflict. 2. Plant replacements should be added on a schedule that will assure a continuity in the landscape design. 3. Plant material replacements and/or new locations must be properly evaluated as to form, color, texture, arrangement, allowance for adequate space for light and good growth, and conformance to a master plan. 4. In maintaining removing and adding of plant materials consideration must be given to maintaining existing vistas, creating new ones where appropriate, and maintaining defined areas of shade and sun. 5. Practical problems of erosion and drainage should be solved with all possible regard for the integrity of the landscape_ and the health of the nearby trees. D. LANDFORMS 1 . Alteration of or new landforms will only be considered if they will not alter the basic design concept. 2. Existing water courses or bodies should not be altered. Consideration will , however, be given to a proposal if it is to improve site drainage , to improve water quality, to enhance the landscape design, to provide a wider recreational use or to improve a wildlife habitat. 3. All wetlands shall be preserved. 4. All shorelines of water courses or bodies shall be protected from erosion in a manner in keeping with the basic concept of the landscape. 5. All natural rock outcrops shall be preserved. E. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 1 . Whenever possible, architectrual elements described as significant in the study report such as benches, fences , fountains , statues , bridges , lighting, shelters and signs shall be maintained. 2. Maintenance should not alter color, material or design. Consideration, however, will be given to alterations that will either improve the design or adapt the function of the element to current needs. 3. Architectural elements that are replaced should be of the same or similar material and design of the existing. Consideration , however, will be given to changes that will improve the function of the architectural element without altering the integrity of the design, 4. Architectural elements may be removed if they are no longer appropriate to their purposes and their removal will not alter to a significant degree the site design. 5. Architectural elements may be added if they are in keeping the integrity of the design , are necessary for the site safety, are useful for site maintenance, and/or will improve site usage. • SPECIFIC STANDARDS & CRITERIA - BOSTON COMMON A. APPROACH 1 . The intent should be to maintain the common 's existing pastoral landscape style, to improve the existing turf, to_ plant materials , pavement and furnishings in a manner which will insure the continuance of the historic use of the Common as a passive recreational space 2. No uses , permanent or temporary, should be allowed if they diminish this quality of passive recreation. 3. Expansion of unrelated park facilities should not be permitted. 4•. Structured recreational facilities should not dominate the passive recreational space. 5. Special events , should only be permitted if they are organized in order to do the least possible damage to the plants , monuments or other features. 6. Maintenance and replacement of existing elements should be done in a manner to be in harmony with the Common ' s historic landscape style. 7. No new elements should be permitted if they would alter special vistas and special open spaces. Existing elements in violation should be removed. B. PLANTINGS 1 . The use of large deciduous trees should be continued and grass be used as the major ground cover as long as is practical with the Common ' s use and available maintenance. 2. Large open lawn areas should not be planted with trees. 3. Future plantings should he guided by a master planting plan which includes consideration for allowing adequate light and space for good growth , ultimate height and spread. 4. All new trees should be large deciduous species emphasizing the original high canopy planting concept. Additional varieties may be used if they continue this. 5. All new trees should he quality specimens of a size large enough to withstand the rigors of the Common environment. 6. Ornamental flowers , shrubs and small flowering trees historically not a part, of the -planting concept should only be used in the planting beds along Tremont Street. 7. Bulbs may be used where they can be naturl ized and be in harmony • with the pastoral landscape. • 1 . C. WALKS, STEPS, AND PAVED AREAS 1 . Circulation system should be reviewed before rehabilitation of existing walkways is continued. 2. Walkways across large lawn areas should be minimized. 3. Where appropriate, replace bare areas with pavement. 4. Replacement of or expansion of bituminous concrete areas should be avoided, if a more attractive and equally durable material can be afforded. 5. Cobbled edges, brick or similar material should be used to minimize areas of existing bituminous concrete. Samples of these materials should be subject to design review. D. FURNISHINGS 1 . Existing memorials, statues, monuments and fountains should be carefully preserved and restored where necessary, maintaining the integrity of the original material and design. This work should be coordinated with the Art Commission. 2. Future park accessories should display design solutions in harmony with the character of the Common. 3. Future park accessories should be designed using vandal resistant standards. 4. Existing structures not in harmony with the Common, should either be remodeled or removed. 5. Restoration of perimeter fencing and gates should be continued, maintaining the integrity of the original design. This work should be coordinated with the Art Commission. .yam 6. Fencing within"Common should be upgraded and/or eliminated. 7. Location of signs should be guided by a master plan for walkways and other facilities. 8. Signs should conform to a simple sign system. Non-conforming existing signs should be removed.. New signs should be designed by a professional graphics designer. 9. Location of existing and new benches should be studied in relation to existing monuments, fountains , passive seating areas and other park improvements. 10. Benches that are replaced or added should not necessarily be the same as the existing but should all be of the same design and material e�nCe c'F, -/ -k cl'Az .' ✓C V,E'r✓. f 11 . Design and location of trash receptacles shou1i,,be simple, functional and unobtrusive and added according to an overr plan. 12. New drinking fountains should be subject to design review and new locations for fountains should be studied in relation to existing high use areas. 13. Adequate paving and drainage should be provided around all existing and new fountains. 14. Adequate levels of illumination should be established for safety and for lighting special areas. 15. Selection or replacement of new lighting fixtures should be subject to design review. 16. Special fixtures should be considered for lighting monuments , fountains and trees. This work should be coordinated with the Art Commission. 17. New storm drains should not be added until an accurate survey has been taken of the existing condition of the storm drainage system and the ability of the existing lines to handle additional water. 18. The Tremont Street planters should be restored to their original configuration. BIBLIOGRAPHY Boston Illustrated, revised edition. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1922. Boston Illustrated. Boston, Houghton, Osgood & Co. , 1878. Boston Landmarks Commission: "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Boston Common and Public Garden." Accepted by National Park Service, July 12, 1972. Boston Sights and Stranger's Guide. Boston, J.P.M. Jewett, 1856. Carol R. Johnson and Associates: "The Rehabilitation of Boston Common and Public Gardens (sic)" (report submitted to Boston Redevelopment Authority August 1, 1972). Dearborn, Nathaniel: Dearborn's Reminiscences of.Boston, and Guide through the City and Environs. Boston: Nathaniel Dearborn, 1851. King's Handbook of Boston. Cambridge, MA, Moses King Publisher, 1885. Report of a Committee of Citizens: The Public Rights in Boston Common. Boston, Press of Rockwell and Churchill, 1877. Snow, Charles: A Topographical and Historical Description of Boston. Boston, Oliver Spear Co. , 1817. I I rut_i ( ' • . l 43 • BUILDING SITE The relationship between a historic building or buildings and landscape features within a property's boundaries—or the building site--helps to define the historic character and should be considered an integral part of overall planning for rehabilitation project work. Recommended Not Recommended Identifying, retaining, and preserving Removing or radically changing buildings buildings and their features as well as and their features or site features which features of the site that are important in are important in defining the overall defining its overall historic character. historic character of the building site so Site features can include driveways, that, as a result, the character is walkways, lighting, fencing, signs, diminished. benches, fountains, wells, terraces, canal systems, plants and trees, berms, and drainage or irrigation ditches; and archeological features that are important in defining the history of the site. Retaining the historic relationship Removing or relocating historic buildings between buildings, landscape features, or landscape features, thus destroying and open space. the historic relationship between buildings, landscape features, and open space. Removing or relocating historic buildings on a site or in a complex of related historic structures--such as a mill complex or farm--thus diminishing the historic character of the site or complex. Moving buildings onto the site, thus creating a false historical appearance. Lowering the grade level adjacent to a building to permit development of a formerly below-grade area such as a basement in a manner that would drastically change the historic relationship of the building to its site. Protecting and maintaining buildings and Failing to maintain site drainage so that the site by providing proper drainage to buildings and site features are damaged assure that water does not erode or destroyed; or, alternatively, changing foundation walls; drain toward the the site grading so that water no longer building; nor erode the historic drains properly. landscape. BUILDING SITE (continued) 44 Recommended Not Recommended Minimizing disturbance of terrain around Introducing heavy machinery or buildings or elsewhere on the site, thus equipment into areas where their reducing the possibility of destroying presence may disturb archeological unknown archeological materials. materials. Surveying areas where major terrain Failing to survey the building site prior alteration is likely to impact important to the beginning of rehabilitation project archeological sites. work so that, as a result, important archeological material is destroyed. Protecting, e.g. preserving in place Leaving known archeological material known archeological material whenever unprotected and subject to vandalism, possible. looting, and destruction by natural elements such as erosion. Planning and carrying out any necessary Permitting unqualified project personnel investigation using professional archeo- to perform data recovery so that logists and modern archeological improper methodology results in the loss methods when preservation in place is of important archeological material. not feasible. Protecting the building and other Permitting buildings and site features to features of the site against arson and remain unprotected so that plant vandalism before rehabilitation work materials, fencing, walkways, begins, i.e., erecting protective fencing archeological features, etc. are damaged and installing alarm systems that are or destroyed. keyed into local protection agencies. Stripping features from buildings and the site such as wood siding, iron fencing, masonry balustrades; or removing or destroying landscape features, including plant material. Providing continued protection of Failing to provide adequate protection of masonry, wood, and architectural metals materials on a cyclical basis so that which comprise building and site features deterioration of building and site through appropriate surface treatments features results. such as cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and re-application of protective coating systems; and continued protection and maintenance of landscape features, including plant material. Evaluating the overall condition of Failing to undertake adequate measures materials to determine whether more to assure the preservation of building and than protection and maintenance are site features. required, that is, if repairs to building and site features will be necessary. MVOr . i. - BUILDING SITE (continued) 45 Recommended Not Recommended en ed Repairing features of buildings and the Replacing an entire feature of the site by reinforcing the historic building or site such as a fence, walkway, materials. Repair will also generally or driveway when repair of materials and include replacement in kind--with a limited replacement of deteriorated or compatible substitute material—of those missing parts are appropriate. extensively deteriorated or missing parts of features where there are surviving Using a substitute material for the prototypes such as fencing and paving. replacement part that does not convey the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the building or site feature or that is physically or chemically incompatible. Replacing in kind an entire feature of Removing a feature of the building or the building or site that is too site that is unrepairable and not deteriorated to repair--if the overall replacing it; or replacing it with a new form and detailing are still evident-- feature that does not convey the same using the physical evidence to guide the visual appearance. new work. This could include an entrance or porch, walkway, or fountain. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered. The following work is highlighted to indicate that it represents the particularly complex technical or design aspects of rehabilitation project work and should only be considered after the preservation concerns listed above have been addressed. Design for Missing Historic Features y .<777.?-2- 74.,7-4--:,w7.1 Designtng adconstc `c t7ng astle*-,fiAllreTil Creating a false historical appearance of a buildin orstewhere t ruric because the replaced feature is based on Ifeaturlis:,.CoMpletatJnissing;stititangl insufficient historical, pictorial, and -outbutldtng, terrace,k.ordrtveway'. -rt"may physical documentation. be basee on historicaIgpictodal,, a`nd='i phystcat docur entati'on, ` bet:=ate never.=- Introducing a new building or site feature 'design that .;is¢=',compatible ...with „eels that is out of scale or otherwise historic character of the -building and inappropriate. s. Y s tes i t' `p4 Y ' �Y -f.j M N Introducing a new landscape feature or plant material that is visually incompatible with the site or that destroys site patterns or vistas. IT (continued) BUILDINGS E (co tmued) 46 31\ Recommended Not Recommended Alterations/Additions for the New Use Designing new onsite parking, loading Placing parking facilities directly docks, or ramps when required by the adjacent to historic buildings where new use so that they are as unobtrusive automobiles may cause damage to the as possible and assure-the preservation of buildings or landscape features or be character-defining features of the site. intrusive to the building site. Designing -new exterior additions. to Introducing new construction onto the historic buildings or adjacent. :anew building site which is visually construction which •is -compatible with incompatible in terms of size, scale, the historic -character of the -site and design, materials, color and texture or which preserve the historic relationship which destroys historic relationships on between --a -building or buildings, the site. landscape features, and open space. - _ Removing .nonsignificant = buildings, Removing a historic building in a additions,-or site features --which.+detract complex, a building feature, or a site from-the historic character of the site. feature which is important in defining the historic character of the site. 47 DISTRICT/NEIGHBORHOOD The relationship between historic buildings, and streetscape and landscape features within a historic district or neighborhood helps to define the historic character and therefore should always be a part of the rehabilitation plans. Recommended Not Recommended Identifying, retaining, and preserving Removing or radically changing those buildings, and streetscape, and landscape features of the district or neighborhood features which are important in defining which are important in defining the the overall historic character of the overall historic character so that, as a district or neighborhood. Such features result, the character is diminished. can include streets, alleys, paving, walkways, street lights, signs, benches, parks and gardens, and trees. Retaining the historic relationship Destroying streetscape and landscape between buildings, and streetscape and features by widening existing streets, landscape features such as a town square changing paving material, or introducing comprised of row houses and stores inappropriately located new streets or surrounding a communal park or open parking lots. space. Removing or relocating historic buildings, or features of the streetscape and landscape, thus destroying the historic relationship between buildings, features and open space. Protecting and maintaining the historic Failing to provide adequate protection of masonry, wood, and architectural metals materials on a cyclical basis so that which comprise building and streetscape deterioration of building, streetscape, features, through appropriate surface and landscape features results. treatments such as cleaning, rust removal, limited paint removal, and reapplication of protective coating systems; and protecting and maintaining landscape features, including plant material. Protecting buildings, paving, iron Permitting buildings to remain fencing, etc. against arson and vandalism unprotected so that windows are broken; before rehabilitation work begins by and interior features are damaged. erecting protective fencing and installing alarm systems that are keyed into local Stripping features from buildings or the protection agencies. streetscape such as wood siding, iron fencing, or terra cotta balusters; or removing or destroying landscape features, including plant material. 141\ DISTRICT/NEIGHBORHOOD (continued) 48 Recommended Not Recommended Evaluating the overall condition of Failing to undertake adequate measures building, streetscape and landscape to assure the preservation of building, materials to determine whether more streetscape, and landscape features. than protection and maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to features will be necessary. Repairing features of the building, Replacing an entire feature of the streetscape, or landscape by reinforcing building, streetscape, or landscape such the historic materials. Repair will also as a porch, walkway, or streetlight, when generally include the replacement in repair of materials and limited kind--or with a compatible substitute replacement of deteriorated or missing material--of those extensively deter- parts are appropriate. iorated or missing parts of features when there are surviving prototypes such as Using a substitute material for the porch balustrades, paving materials, or replacement part that does not convey streetlight standards. the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the building, streetscape, or landscape feature or that is physically or chemically incompatible. Replacing in kind an entire feature of Removing a feature of the building, the building, streetscape, or landscape streetscape, or landscape that is that is too deteriorated to repair--when unrepairable and not replacing it; or the overall form and detailing are still replacing it with a new feature that does evident--using the physical evidence to not convey the same visual appearance. guide the new work. This could include a storefront, a walkway, or a garden. If using the same kind of material is not technically or economically feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered. The following work is highlighted to indicate that it represents the particularly complex technical or design aspects of rehabilitation projects and should only be considered after the preservation concerns listed above have been addressed. Design for Missing Historic Features Designing and constructing a new feature Creating a false historical appearance of the building, streetscape,or landscape because the replaced feature is based on when the historic feature is completely insufficient historical, pictorial and missing, -such as row?;house steps, ,a physical documentation. porch, streetlight, or terrace. it may-be_. a restoration abased ; on _.historical, Introducing a new building, streetscape pictorial,-and.physicai:documentation; or. or landscape feature that is out of scale be a new design That is-compatible with: or otherwise inappropriate to the the historic character of the district or setting's historic character, e.g., neighborhood. replacing picket fencing with chain link fencing. DISTRICT/NEIGHBORHOOD (continued) 49 Recommended Not Recommended - Alterations/Additions for the New Use Designing required new parking so that it Placing parking facilities directly is as unobtrusive as possible, i.e., on side adjacent to historic buildings which streets or at the rear of buildings. cause the removal of historic plantings, "Shared" parking should also be planned relocation of paths and walkways, or so that several businesses can utilize one blocking of alleys. parking area as opposed to introducing random, multiple lots. Designing and constructing new additions Introducing new construction into to historic buildings when required by the historic districts that is visually incom- new use.. New work should be compatible patible or that destroys historic with the historic character of the : relationships within the district or district or neighborhood in terms of size,, neighborhood. scale, design, material, color, and texture. Removing nonsignificant buildings, Removing a historic building, building additions, or streetscape and landscape feature, or landscape or streetscape features which detract from the historic feature that is important in defining the character of the. district or the overall historic character of the district neighborhood. or the neighborhood. lV\ SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 772 CREATING THE BOSTON LANDMARKS COMMISSION PURPOSE To recognize, conserve and enhance areas, sites and structures that contribute to Boston's distinctive environment, through the creation of a Boston Landmarks Commission with city—wide preservation responsibilities. The statutory Commission provides a continuing, comprehensive presevation program for Boston, coordinates preservation—related activites by private organizations and other city departments, develops additional functions necessary for a serious local preservation program. THE COMMISSION Placed administratively within the Environment Department, the Commission consists of nine members and alternates appointed by the Mayor and confirmed by City Council. The Mayor appoints from a slate of nominees provided by certain civic organizations, landscape architects, architectural historians or city planners. The Commission is provided with staff by the Environment Department. DESIGNATION BY THE COMMISSION The Commission has the power to designate, for architectural regulation, those areas, sites, and structures that are of historical, social, cultural, architectural, or aesthetic value located in the City of Boston. Certain areas are excluded from the Commission's jurisdiction except for designation in the "landmark" category. These areas include: 1. any historic district established now or in the future by state law, and 2. a geographical area roughly bounded by Massachusetts Avenue, the Massachusetts Turnpike, the Harbor, and the Charles River. Designation shall be made according to the following categories: 1. Landmark—any physical feature or improvement having significance to the City and the Commonwealth, the New England region or the nation. This category most often will be used for individual buildings. 2. Landmark district—an area containing physical features or improvements which are of significance to the City and the Commonwealth, the New England region or the nation and cause such area to constitute a distinctive section of the City. 3. Architectural Conservation District—similar to a landmark district but not necessarily significant to the State, region or nation. 4. Protection Area--an area which is contiguous to and is an essential part of the physical environment of a landmark, landmark district or architectural conservatio district. The maximum boundary is 1200 feet. PROCESS OF DESIGNATION First, a report is prepared that describes the significance and economic status of the site or area under consideration. If a designation is recommended, the report suggests boundarie and the standards and criteria for reviewing subsequent changes. This report will be prepared by the Commission for landmark designations and for all others by a study committee composed of 5 commissions members and 6 persons who have "demonstrated interest in the district." and who have been appointed by the Mayor and confirmed by City Council. f report is transmitted to the Boston Redevelopment Authority and the Massachusetts istorical Commission for comment and is made available to all other interested parties. A public hearing is held, following at least three weeks notice to all affected parties. Following the hearing the Commission shall decide whether or not to make a designation. If a designation is made, the Mayor has 15 days in which to approve or disapprove the designation. The City Council has an additional 30 days for consideration during which time it may, by a 2/3 vote, override a designation approved by the Mayor. REGULATORY FUNCTIONS The Commission is empowered to review and approve or disapprove proposed changes to the physical environment of designated sites and districts. Depending on the type of designation (landmark, landmark district, architectural conservation district or protection area) changes to be reviewed by the Commission could include: new construction, restoration, demolition, alteration of exterior architectural features, and in the case of certain landmarks, changes to distinguished interior features. No building permit nor sign permit shall be issued for changes to designated properties unless the application for permit is accompanied by either a Certificate of Design Approval or a Certificate of Exemption from the Commission. In district designations, a subcommission or district commission may be appointed to administer and regulate the designated area. Such an area commission would be composed of .andmarks Commission members and local persons who have demonstrated an interest in the area. Such persons shall be appointed by the Mayor and confirmed by City Council. • • GENERAL 5TA NDARDS AND CR!T=RIA FOR PHYSICAL, LANDSCAPE OR T OPOGRA?HICA =EA'UR S ) DESiGNATED AS LANDMARKS. -.ANL A. APPROACH 1 . The design 'approach to the property should begin with the premise that alternation to the lacape design will be minimized. 2. Chances to the property which have taken place in the course of time are evidence of the history of the property and the neighborhood. These changes to the property may have developed significance in their own right, and this significance should be recognized and respected. "Later integral features" shall be the term used to convey this concept. 3. New materials should, whenever appropriate, match the material beinc replaced in physical properties, design, color, texture, and other visual qualities. 4. New additions or alterations to the landscape should not disrupt the essential form and integrity of the property and should be compatible with the size, scale, color, material and character of the property. 5. New additions or alterations should be gone in such a way that if they were to be removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the landscape would be unimpaired. E. Priority shall be given to these portions of the property that serve as the more important public areas. WALKS, STEPS AND PAVED AREAS 1 . Deteriorated paving materials should be replaced with the same material or a material which matches as closely as possible. Consideration will be given to an alternate caving material if it can be shown that its properties will assist in site main- tenance and/or will improve the original or later integral aesian concept. 2. Original layout of the walks, steps, and paved areas should be maintained. :_nsideration will be given to alterations if it can be shown that better site circulation is necessary and that the alteration will improve this without altering the integrity of the cesien. PLANT MATERIALS 1 . E xisting healthy plan: materials should be maintained. -22- 4/25/78 2. All plant materials should be cared for according to good horticultural practices. Hazardous plants or portions of should be removed. 4 3. New plant materials should be added on a schedule that will assure a continuity in the existing landscape design and its later adaptations. 4. New plant materials should either be the same as the existing or be similar in form, color and texture. 5. New locations for plantings or new selection of species with a different form, color, or texture must not alter the overall site design. iF 6. Maintenance of, removal of, and additions of plant materials should consider maintaining existing vistas, creating new ones where appropriate, and maintaining new spaces. 7. Whenever appropriate, plant materials rather than structural materials should be used to solve erosion problems. D. LANDFORMS Not applicable. E. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Whenever possible, original or later integral architectural elements such as bencnes, fences, fountains, statues, bridges, Iicnting, shelters and signs shall be retained. 2. Maintenance should not alter the original or later integral l color, material or design. Consideration, however, will ae given to alterations that will either improve the aesign or the function of the element. 3. Architectural elements that are replaced should be of the same or similar material and design of the original or later integral feature. Consideration, however, will be given to changes that will improve the function of the architectural element without altering the integrity of the cesian. 4. Architectural elements may be removed if they are no longer functionally useful and their removal will no: alter to a significant degree the site design. 5. Arcnitectural elements may be arced if they will not alter the Integrity of the cesian, are necessary for the site safety, are useful for site maintenance, and/or will improve site usage. -23- 10.0 SPECIFIC STANDARDS AND CRITERIA - THE FENS A. Approach 1. The intent of the designation is to maintain and to restore to the extent possible, the character of the Fens as established by Frederick Law Olmsted in his designs for the park. Thus, the major portion of the property, which was a direct development of the original conditions of the locality in adapatation to the needs of a dense community, should retain a natural quality. The development of additional hard, urban recreational facilities is to be avoided. Maintenance and replacement of existing trees, walls, bridges, gateways, terraces and other existing elements should be done in a manner consistent with the park' s character. New elements, if any, should be designed to be as unobtrusive as possible. E. Categories of Activities and Likelihood of Review The Fens is a large and complex property, involving ongoing maintenance activities as well as scheduled capital expenditures. The Commission has no desire to interfere with the normal maintenance procedures of the City or the MD C. In order to provide some guidance for the agencies and organizations involved as well as the Commission, the activities which might be expected to take place in the Fens, and which might be construed as causing an alteration to the physical character of the park, have been categorized into: 1. Activities for which no application need be filed for a certificate from the Commission; 2. Activities which must be brought to the attention of the staff of the Commission but may be the subiect of a Certificate of Exemption; and 3. Activities for which a Certificate of Design Approval or Certificate of Exemption must be obtained from the Commission. I. The following activities shall not be subject to review by the Commission: 1. Normal pruning and feeding of trees and shrubs; removal of dead trees and shrubs; removal of invasive water plants; 2. Replacement or addition of light fixtures, bollards, trash receptacles and other such "street furniture" of identical design to those which now exist in the park; 3. Normal care of the stadium and minor alterations in its greens; 4. Painting or staining materials involving no change in color; 5. Minor repairs to road surfaces and paths involving no changes in material or design; 6. Mowing, plowing, cleaning similar activities; 7. Events and recreational activities; and -24- 0 8. Victory Gardening. II. The following activities may be considered to be "routine maintenance and repair: and may be determined by the Executive Director or staff architect to be eligible for a Certificate of Exemption: 1. Minor landscaping changes such as the planting for removal of limited �' numbers of shrubs; il F2. Reconstruction of roads and paths, involving minimal changes; 1 3. Repairs to existing walls, terraces, bridges, gates, shelters, and 1 similar structures; and 4. Removal of live, but unhealthy trees or shrubs. 1 III. The following activities will be reviewed (this is not an inclusive list) : 1. New Construction of any type (including buildings, structures,* roads, paths, parking areas and recreation facilities. ); 2. Alteration of any existing statues, fountains, structures*, or other elements** involving changes in design, material, color, location or outward appearance; 3. Installation of additional statues, fountains or structures*; 4. Installation of additional benches and/or tables or change in their color and appearance; 5. Major planting of new trees; cutting down or removal of live healthy i trees; new grouping of trees; changes in type of trees; 6. Additions or removal of major planting area(s); 7. Changes in landform; and I 8. Installation of visible drainage devices. -{ � c . �w c. @�. moo.._ _ "'"-Lh.L.P/� C t.- "`w4x ,A�... A`--.„ - .`.`k" L.t ti-41--1, a — o-1 e_o try`—= °'/• o-� *"Structure" to include bridges, gazebos, shelters, cages and permanent fences, gates or pylons. **"Elements" to include signs, fences, curbing, security items, lighting. -25-