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HomeMy WebLinkAboutEnergy Action Plan GOVERNMENT ENERGY ACTION PLAN 2011 A Pathway to Reducing GHG Emissions 30% by 2020 FALL 2011 Town of Ithaca, NY LETTER FROM SUPERVISOR I am pleased to present to our community the Town of Ithaca‟s first “Government Energy Action Plan,” (EAP) which reflects and articulates a vision of energy smart, sustainable practices for our local government as we serve our citizens. Our commitment to reducing energy demand, utilizing clean energy sources, and saving taxpayer dollars will yield positive benefits in the near-term without compromising the interests of future generations. The Town of Ithaca recently joined the County and the City in their long-standing formal commitment to sustainability and climate action, setting the stage for the community to achieve significant reductions in energy consumption and carbon emissions while improving quality of life for all members of the community. While this initial plan takes aim at reducing emissions within government operations, town government can only do a small part of what is required to create a truly sustainable future. Ithaca is fortunate to have many businesses, institutions, community organizations, and individual residents who are demonstrating every day that reducing energy consumption and using clean sources of energy is good for our families, good for business, and good for the future of the Town. Because we believe that everyone must contribute and everyone must benefit, we invite Town residents to engage in the next phase of this process to set goals and create a Community Energy Action Plan. Achieving our goals will require an ongoing commitment to sustainability, demonstrated not only through public policy, but also through individual action. This plan contains specific, achievable recommendations aimed at reaching the targets we have committed to. The actions recommended in the EAP are phased to limit expenditures in the short-term and rely to the degree possible on grants, collaborations with other municipalities and community organizations, or existing staff resources. Furthermore, the mid-to-long-term initiatives can be funded in part by the savings realized from the no-low-cost short-term actions. While some recommendations entail the expenditure of public funds, the great majority would achieve meaningful long-term savings for our taxpayers though reduced public and private costs. The EAP should not be viewed as a rigid document, but rather as a framework for ongoing discussion about how the Town of Ithaca can best shape a bright future. I look forward to the implementation of this plan, the creation of the Community Energy Action Plan, and ensuring the Town of Ithaca‟s vibrancy and leadership through the 21st century. Sincerely, Herb Engman Town Supervisor TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction and Background ........................................................................................................... 5 GHG Emissions Inventory Results ..................................................................................................... 7 Proposed Actions: Reducing Energy Demand & Utilizing Renewables ....................................... 8 Implementation ................................................................................................................................ 16 APPENDIX A: Government GHG Emissions Inventory Results .................................................... 22 APPENDIX B: Existing Actions ......................................................................................................... 25 APPENDIX C: B20 Fleet Case Study – Tompkins County .............................................................. 27 APPENDIX D: Renewables ............................................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX E: Policy Templates ....................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX F: Climate Smart Communities Resolution................................................................. 34 APPENDIX G: Tools and Resources ................................................................................................. 38 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Town of Ithaca conducted a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory of government operations using 2009 as the baseline year. During that year, the Town of Ithaca‟s government operations used 46, 548 MMBTus of energy and emitted 3,928 tons of CO2e at a cost of $1,015,508. Figure 1 below illustrates the proportion of emissions per sector, highlighting the areas that the Town should focus on to achieve deep reductions in GHG emissions reductions. Following the completion and analysis of this inventory, the Town Board committed the Town to the following reduction goals: 80% reduction in GHG emissions below 2009 levels by 2050 30% reduction in GHG emissions below 2009 levels by 2020 This plan outlines the actions needed to reach our interim target of a 30% reduction in GHG emissions below 2009 levels by 2020, as well as the implementation strategies that will support these efforts: Water Treatment Energy Efficiency Improvements Water Conservation Practices Wastewater Treatment Energy Efficiency Improvements Fleet Biodiesel (B20) as Fuel Source Limit Idling Reduce Mileage Optimize Fleet and Vehicle Size Vehicle Maintenance Buildings and Facilities Lights Out Policy HVAC System Upgrades Lighting Retrofits Energy Efficient Computer Hardware Green Building Policy Streetlights Streetlight upgrades LED streetlights in municipal lights Remove unused lights Renewable Energy Purchase renewable energy credits Solar Power Purchase Agreement Figure 1: GHG Emissions by Sector INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The Town of Ithaca boldly asserted its commitment to climate protection and sustainability in April of 2009 as its Town Board passed a resolution to join the “Climate Smart Communities” initiative, a partnership program between New York State and local municipalities (see Appendix F). In signing on to this partnership, the Town of Ithaca pledged to work toward lowering greenhouse gases and saving taxpayer dollars through climate smart actions that also promote community health and safety, affordability, economic strength, and quality of life. In pursuit of these goals, the Town of Ithaca acquired funding to hire a half-time Sustainability Planner to carry out planning and implementation objectives. In September 2010, the Sustainability Planner came on board, and shortly thereafter, the Town of Ithaca became a member of ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability. In doing so, the Town further solidified its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) at the local level and to enhance sustainability efforts. This plan marks the third milestone in a multi- step process to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Town of Ithaca through an Energy Action Planning process: 1. Conduct a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2. Establish a Reduction Target 3. Develop an Action Plan 4. Implement the Action Plan 5. Monitor Progress and Report Results In addition to the Town Board‟s leadership, this process has, from the beginning, involved the Planning Board, the Conservation Board, and the Comprehensive Plan Committee. Members of these groups have lent tremendous insight, expertise and perspective to the process, and have provided concrete feedback and recommendations that continue to form the basis of the energy and greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategy. This “Energy Action Plan” details the priorities identified by these boards and committees, and guides the Town as it works towards achieving its greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. REDUCING OUR IMPACT: EMISSIONS GOALS FOR THE TOWN OF ITHACA The Government Operations GHG Inventory was initiated to assist the Town in understanding the scope and nature of the challenges we face in reducing our impacts. The findings of the inventory, which are summarized in this plan, brought to light the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions within town buildings, fleet, and infrastructure, allowing us to identify priorities and opportunities for reducing emissions and energy-related costs. This newfound awareness of the Town‟s impact provided the basis for setting ambitious, yet achievable greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. This data also provides the Town of Ithaca with a baseline for comparing future performance and tracking progress of energy conservation initiatives and emission reduction strategies. The Town Board carefully considered the actions and improvements already planned, weighed the impacts of proposed actions, and came to agreement on ambitious, yet achievable emissions reduction targets. Recognizing that all sectors of the community, especially the local government, must accept responsibility for their share of reducing the risks associated with climate change, the Town Board endorsed the following GHG emissions reduction goals: 80% reduction below 2009 levels by 2050 30% reduction below 2009 levels by 2020 This action plan was developed around achieving the interim goal of reducing emissions 30% by 2020. It represents a first attempt at codifying and quantifying the improvements, projects, and programs that will be necessary to reach the Town‟s reduction targets. While this plan does serve as a starting point for reducing emissions and energy costs, it is essential to establish a regular and ongoing process of keeping the actions on track and benchmarking progress toward the goal. The exact scope and nature of the actions may evolve as unexpected challenges arise, new opportunities become available, technologies advance, and state and federal policies change. This plan also serves to account for the big picture by addressing climate change and energy consumption through a systematic, integrated strategy. This approach helps the Town avoid the “random project portfolio,” which can diminish the effectiveness of actions taken in a vacuum or without consideration for the overall strategy and goal. In addition to the Government Energy Action Plan, the Town is also leading the effort to create and implement a Community Energy Action Plan. Similarly, the update to the 1993 Comprehensive Plan is for the first time featuring sustainability as an integrating principle, and specifically guides the Town to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in municipal operations. GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORY RESULTS In April 2011, the Town of Ithaca completed an inventory to measure greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline year of 2009. Detailed results and analyses can be found in the “Baseline 2009: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report – Government,” and also in Appendix A of this plan. During 2009, the Town of Ithaca emitted approximately 3,928 tons of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent). 3,928 tons sounds like a lot, but what does that mean? The amount of greenhouse gas emissions emitted by the Town of Ithaca in 2009 is equivalent to: PROPOSED ACTIONS: REDUCING ENERGY DEMAND & UTILIZING RENEWABLES This Plan proposes strategies based on promoting energy conservation, increasing energy efficiency, reducing vehicle miles traveled, maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and switching to renewable energy sources. While these strategies are focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, they will have added benefits including reduced air pollution, savings on utility and fuel bills, reduced wear and tear on vehicles, conservation of natural resources, and improved indoor air quality and human health. The recommended actions detailed below can be characterized as either short-term, “base actions” or mid-long-term actions. This Plan also includes an Implementation section, which details the available tools, resources, and people necessary to carry out the action. The Short-term actions:  Reduce demand by improving efficiency  Require a low to moderate investment  Provide a quick return on investment  Produce energy savings that can be reinvested into longer- term projects  Should be implemented in the next three years (2012-2014) The Mid-Long-Term Portfolio actions are:  Supply-side actions made more cost-effective by initial investments in energy efficiency to reduce demand (e.g. Solar PV)  Improvements, projects, and technologies that will likely evolve given the rapid development of technology, availability of funding, and support from local, state, and federal programs  Actions requiring more technical assistance, and perhaps a larger capital investment  Implemented by 2020 to reduce demand The Renewable Portfolio: The utilization of renewable, non-GHG-producing energy could make a significant contribution to GHG reductions within the Town‟s government operations. With energy efficiency as the foundation in a succession of efforts aimed at reducing energy consumption, lowering GHG emissions, and improving air quality, renewable energy is a critical component of the town‟s overall energy strategy. Based on the Town of Ithaca's specific conditions, energy consumption patterns, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals, it is recommended that the Town prioritize solar PV (photovoltaic) over other renewable energy sources during the first wave of implementation of the Energy Action Plan. Solar PV is the most appropriate renewable technology for the Town of Ithaca for a number of reasons. More than 60% of the emissions produced from government operations are a result of electricity consumption, due primarily to lighting loads, water treatment and pumping loads, and sewer pumping. Other renewable technologies, such as biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal are best suited to replace natural gas consumption, which amounts to a mere 11% of the Town's total emissions. Furthermore, the benefits and performance of solar PV systems continue to outweigh the rest due to the high level of reliability and durability, consistent performance, attractive financing mechanisms, and minimal maintenance. Similarly, a solar PV system should be designed to anticipate ancillary uses beyond electricity for the building, such as powering electric vehicles that may become part of the Town‟s fleet mix in the future. The proposed actions are addressed below by sector: water treatment, wastewater treatment, buildings and facilities, vehicle fleet, and streetlights and traffic signals. Where applicable, projected CO2e emissions reductions are included, along with how much the action contributes to the overall reduction goal. Renewables are also discussed in their own section. WATER TREATMENT Water Treatment ACTION Tons CO2e reduced % towards goal Energy Efficiency Improvements to Water Treatment System 286 24.24% Promote Water Conservation Practices Amongst Residents n/a n/a TOTAL 286 24.24% Water treatment and pumping account for the largest source of GHG emissions in the Town of Ithaca, and should therefore be the primary focus and priority of the Town‟s energy reduction strategy. Energy efficiency improvements to the water treatment system could include but are not limited to:  Facilities upgrades (HVAC, lighting, building envelope, etc.)  Pump, motor and drive upgrades or replacements  Overall system improvements for greater efficiency and operations These energy improvements should be addressed through a comprehensive building performance contract, whereby an ESCO (Energy Services Company) studies and analyzes current conditions, builds an appropriate work scope, and implements the most cost- effective measures to achieve energy savings. Savings resulting from the energy improvements will then be used to pay for the work. 20% is a conservative estimate of total energy savings from such a project, a target well within reach given current conditions. When this Plan was adopted, the Town had undergone a preliminary energy audit with Wendel Energy Services and was considering how to move forward based on the initial report. The next step is to undergo a comprehensive energy study through the NYSERDA Flex-Tech Program, which provides a 50% cost share for the project. The Town can also reduce energy-related costs and the associated GHG emissions by facilitating water conservation practices amongst residents. Some strategies for doing so include:  Adopting a 3-tier, “pay-per-usage” fee structure for water customers to incentivize water conservation. Currently, all customers pay a flat rate, regardless of usage.  Adopt building ordinances requiring the use of low flow devices in homes (shower heads, faucets, toilets, etc.)  Offer rain barrels at a reduced cost to Town residents  Provide support for rain gardens and other stormwater retention/water conservation practices through the Department of Public Works WASTEWATER TREATMENT Wastewater Treatment ACTION Tons CO2e reduced % towards goal Energy Efficiency Improvements to Wastewater Treatment Facility 404 34% Energy Efficiency Improvements to Wastewater Pumping Stations n/a n/a TOTAL 404 34% Starting in the Summer of 2011, the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility began construction on a $9 million dollar energy performance contract, which includes building envelope improvements, lighting upgrades, equipment replacement, renewable energy, and more. Over the term of the contract, the Town is expected to save $4 million in energy-related costs. The annual savings the Town of Ithaca can claim from this project is approximately 10%. Although already “on the books,” the Town can continue to lend support and enthusiasm to the project, participating in appropriate meetings and evaluating progress throughout. The Town can extend energy efficiency beyond the wastewater treatment facility to include the pumps that make up the sewer infrastructure. The most streamlined approach is to include sewer pumps in the proposed water treatment system energy improvements. VEHICLE FLEET Vehicle Fleet ACTION Tons CO2e reduced % towards goal Utilize Biodiesel (B20) as Fuel Source for Vehicles 136 11.53% Limit Idling of Heavy Duty Trucks 69 5.82% Reduce Vehicle Fleet Mileage 3 0.24% Limit Idling of all Vehicles Optimize Fleet and Vehicle Size n/a n/a Maintain and Repair Vehicles Regularly n/a n/a TOTAL 208 17.59% As of 2011, the Tompkins County highway department uses B20 (20 % biodiesel/80% diesel fuel mix) in its fleet. It is possible to expand the contract to include additional municipalities, and therefore, the Town should waste no time in transitioning its vehicle fleet to B20 by partnering with the Tompkins County highway department, an action that accounts for 1/3 of needed emissions reductions. While the cost of B20 is slightly higher than conventional diesel, substantial savings will occur with the implementation of the remaining actions (reducing idling, mileage, fleet size, etc.), which involve changes in operation and behavior rather than financial investments. The success of the County‟s B20 transition is detailed in Appendix C. Limiting idling of all vehicles but especially heavy duty vehicles, reducing unnecessary trips and drive time, optimizing fleet and vehicle size (i.e. “right-sizing,”) and practicing regular maintenance and repair on all vehicles has few costs (financial or otherwise) and carries many benefits:  Reduced GHG emissions in the vehicle fleet  Enhanced air quality and pollution reduction  Enhanced human health  Increased longevity and durability of vehicles  Enhanced worker productivity  Reduced fuel costs  Reduced maintenance/repair costs  Greater overall operational efficiency These actions can be organized into and implemented through a comprehensive Green Fleet Policy, which the Town should develop and enact immediately. In addition to partnering with the Tompkins County Highway Department, the Town should strongly consider convening a municipal fleet task force to explore opportunities for partnering with other municipalities, especially the City of Ithaca and Tompkins County, to reduce emissions in the vehicle fleet. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES The four municipal buildings under the Town‟s control – Town Hall, Public Works office building, Public Works barn, and Public Works salt shed – represent a small portion of the GHG emissions reduction potential. In the Spring of 2011, the Town Hall building underwent a lighting retrofit and is now equipped with high efficiency lamps and ballasts, expected to save the Town up to $2,000 annually on electricity bills and contributing 0.5% towards the 30% GHG emissions reduction goal. In addition to this lighting retrofit, the Town of Ithaca can reduce lighting-related energy consumption by implementing a “lights out” policy in all buildings. Simply put, a lights out policy would require that:  All lights except EXIT signs are turned off at night and on weekends  All basement and hallway lighting are turned off when spaces are not in use  Task lighting at individual desks and in offices will be turned off when employees are away from their desks for more than 15 minutes Phasing in the most energy efficiency computer hardware will also contribute towards the achievement of the Town‟s GHG emissions reduction target. All new computers, monitors, and printers should meet Energy Star certification to achieve optimal energy efficiency. The Green Procurement Policy currently under development will reinforce this action by requiring that the Town purchase Energy Star certified equipment and electronics. Improvements to the HVAC system, including the boiler and the chiller, in Town Hall will result in marginal GHG emissions reductions, but should be addressed Buildings and Facilities ACTION Tons CO2e reduced % towards goal “Lights Out” Policy (electricity conservation) 17 1.40% Increase Chiller Efficiency 6 0.50% Efficient Lighting Retrofits 6 0.48% Energy Efficient Computer Hardware (Computers, Printers, Monitors) 6 0.50% Reflective Roofing 3 0.29% HVAC Fan Upgrades 3 0.23% Increase Boiler Efficiency 2 0.15% Municipal Green Building Policy n/a n/a TOTAL 43 3.55% systematically when the time comes to replace or repair the system and individual pieces of equipment. Reflective roofing (i.e. “white roofs”) reflects more sunlight than dark ones do, turning less of the sun‟s energy into heat. Increasing the reflectance of a building can reduce the temperature of buildings, and thus, the energy required to cool them. The incremental cost of installing a white or light- colored roof results in lower utility bills, and is generally recovered in one to six years. When replacing the roofs of any town-owned buildings, reflective roofs should be installed. Finally, the Town should adopt a policy requiring that all new construction of municipal buildings and facilities meet strict green building requirements, whether LEED or otherwise. STREETLIGHTS AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS Streetlights and Traffic Signals ACTION Tons CO2e reduced % towards goal Replace streetlights with efficient lamps 27 2.32% Evaluate lighting districts and remove unnecessary lights n/a n/a Install LED lamps in Town-owned lights n/a n/a TOTAL 27 2.32% As of this writing, it is not feasible for the Town to replace streetlights with LED lamps due to the barriers from the utility and the extreme cost to the Town associated with taking ownership and control of the streetlights. Until LED streetlights become a viable option for the Town, all mercury vapor lamps under the Town‟s control (which are the least efficient) should be replaced with the more efficient high pressure sodium lamps. This process can be completed as old lamps burn out, or by 2020 to meet the 30% GHG emissions reduction target, whichever comes first. The Town can also take steps to reduce emissions associated with streetlighting by evaluating existing lighting districts and removing any unnecessary lights as well as installing LED lamps in Town-owned lights (i.e., parking lot). RENEWABLES Renewables ACTION Tons CO2e reduced % towards goal Purchase 10% of electricity from Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) 207 17.57 Solar Power Purchase Agreement n/a n/a TOTAL 207 17.57 As the Town implements actions to reduce energy demand, improve energy efficiency, and utilize renewable energy sources, major cuts in emissions can be achieved through the purchase of Renewable Energy Credits or RECs. Until the Town is able to install renewable energy systems of its own, RECs offset fossil fuel based electricity consumption through clean, renewable energy. The purchase of RECs supports the development of new renewable energy generation capacity nationwide, while significantly reducing the GHG emissions associated with the Town‟s electricity consumption. The Town should not delay in purchasing RECs for 10% of its total electricity consumption, however, treating this measure as a stepping stone to more substantive and truly local renewable energy generation. Based on the Town of Ithaca's specific conditions, energy consumption patterns, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals, solar PV has emerged as the most appropriate renewable technology for the Town of Ithaca for a number of reasons. More than 60% of the emissions produced by the Town‟s operations are a result of electricity consumption, due primarily to lighting loads, water treatment and pumping loads, and sewer pumping. Other renewable technologies, such as biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal are best suited to replace natural gas consumption, which amounts to a mere 11% of the Town's total emissions. Furthermore, the benefits and performance of solar PV systems continue to outweigh the rest due to the high level of reliability and durability, consistent performance, attractive financing mechanisms, and minimal maintenance. It is recommended that the Town pursue a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), an arrangement between a third party company and a host customer, whereby the burden and risk associated with solar power is separated from the advantages to provide low-cost, reliable renewable energy to the host customer. Since the Town itself doesn't pay taxes, it cannot access a large part of the financial incentive structure available (tax credits). A PPA is an arrangement whereby a third party company purchases and owns the system, and sells the energy it creates back to the town at a price that is lower than what the Town currently pays for electricity. Because the third party company can easily take advantage of all available incentives as a corporation, the Town has to come up with little to nothing up front and could still take advantage of the cost and carbon savings of solar power. For a closer look at the relative costs and benefits of multiple renewable energy sources, and resources on Power Purchase Agreements, see Appendix D. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The Town can support the implementation of these actions by adopting focused policies to guide decision-making and achieve desired outcomes. The development and adoption of the following policies are encouraged to support the actions recommended in this Energy Action Plan: Green Fleet Policy Green Procurement Policy “Lights Out” Conservation Policy See Appendix E for sample policies and resources. INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANS This Energy Action Plan should be included in the Town‟s Comprehensive Plan as an addendum. Additionally, the updated Comprehensive Plan includes, for the first time, a focus on sustainability, with a chapter devoted specifically to energy and climate protection goals and objectives. Many of the actions recommended here are reinforced and expanded upon in the Energy and Climate Protection chapter of the Comprehensive Plan. EXISTING ACTIONS The Town of Ithaca has been implementing energy saving, sustainability actions long before commitments to greenhouse gas emissions reduction and climate protection were endorsed. Appendix B highlights a strong tradition of energy efficiency and conservation within Town operations, which represent a foundation to build upon as the recommendations detailed in this plan are implemented. IMPLEMENTATION This section includes guidelines for the implementation of the actions recommended in this plan. Each action item is accompanied by a description of where the responsibility for implementation lies, and the approximate timeframe in which the action should be completed. Water Treatment Action Item Description Principal Implementer(s) Timeframe Energy Efficiency Improvements to Water Treatment System Bolton Point Commission with leadership from the Town of Ithaca Commissioner and the Town of Ithaca Town Board Mid-Term complete by 2017 Promote Water Conservation Practices Amongst Residents Conservation Board, Bolton Point Commission Short-Mid-Term  2012-2017 Wastewater Treatment Action Item Description Principal Implementer(s) Timeframe Energy Efficiency Improvements to Wastewater Treatment Facility Town Board, Public Works Short-Term  Construction began 2011 and will finish in 2012-2013 Energy Efficiency Improvements to Wastewater Pumping Stations Town Board, Public Works Short-Mid-Term  2012 - 2017 Vehicle Fleet Action Item Description Principal Implementer(s) Timeframe Utilize Biodiesel (B20) as Fuel Source for Vehicles Public Works Mid-term  by 2017 Limit Idling of Heavy Duty Trucks Public Works Short-term  2012 – 2014 Limit Idling of all Vehicles Public Works Short-term  2012 – 2014 Reduce Vehicle Fleet Mileage Public Works Short-Mid-term  2012 – 2017 Optimize Fleet and Vehicle Size Public Works Mid-Long-term  2015 – 2020 Maintain and Repair Vehicles Regularly Public Works Ongoing  2012 – 2020 Buildings and Facilities Action Item Description Principal Implementer(s) Timeframe Lights Out Policy (electricity conservation) Town Supervisor, All Town Staff Short-term  2012 – 2014 Increase Chiller Efficiency Public Works Mid –term  2015 – 2017 Efficient Lighting Retrofits Public Works Completed Spring 2011 Energy Efficient Computer Hardware (Computers, Printers, Monitors) IT Short-Mid-term  2012 – 2017 Reflective Roofing Public Works Short-term  2012 – 2014 HVAC Fan Upgrades Public Works Mid –term  2015 – 2017 Increase Boiler Efficiency Public Works Mid –term  2015 – 2017 Municipal Green Building Policy COC, Town Board Short-term  2012 – 2014 Streetlights and Traffic Signals Action Item Description Principal Implementer(s) Timeframe Replace streetlights with efficient lamps Public Works Short-Long-term  2012 – 2020 Evaluate lighting districts and remove unnecessary lights Public Works Short-Mid-term  2012 – 2017 Install LED lamps in Town-owned lights Public Works Mid-Long-term  2015 – 2020 Renewables Action Item Description Principal Implementer(s) Timeframe Purchase 10% or more of electricity from Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) Accounting Short-term  2012, ongoing Solar Power Purchase Agreement Town Board, Accounting Mid-Long-term  2015 – 2020 APPENDIX A: GOVERNMENT GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORY RESULTS Sector Emissions Buildings and Facilities The four buildings owned and operated by the Town of Ithaca were responsible for 6% of overall emissions. They used 3,133 MMBtus of energy and emitted 229 tons of CO2e, costing the town $56,419 annually. Streetlights/Traffic Signals The streetlights and traffic signals under the jurisdiction of the town in 2009 were responsible for 2.4% of overall emissions, using 867 MMBtus of energy, emitting 92 tons of CO2e, at a total cost of $29,025. Water Delivery Facilities The Southern Cayuga Lake Intermunicipal Water Commission, a.k.a. Bolton Point, is jointly owned by five municipalities in the county. The 21 pump stations provide water to 5,900 total housing units and nearly 5,000 housing units in the Town of Ithaca using 17,300 MMBtus and emitting 1,774 tons of CO2e at a cost of $459,479. Wastewater Treatment Facilities Given the joint ownership structure explained previously, this inventory measured 42% of the energy consumption, CO2e output, and cost associated with the Town of Ithaca‟s proportional share of ownership. The Town‟s share of emissions from the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility in 2009 represented 20% of overall government emissions, using 8,249 MMBtus of energy, emitting 784 tons of CO2e, and costing the Town $278,734. Vehicle Fleet Due to gaps in data, 2010 data, which was comparable to 2009, was used to calculate emissions from the Town of Ithaca‟s vehicle and equipment fleet. There are 86 vehicles in the Town‟s fleet, which comprises 23.3% of overall CO2e emissions. The fleet used 11,486 MMBtus of energy, and emitted 915 tons of CO2e, which cost the Town $74,937. Employee Commute Employees at Town Hall, Public Works, and Bolton Point were surveyed in order to better understand commuting patterns, which the Town of Ithaca may have some influence over by incentivizing activities that promote energy-savings, such as alternative modes of transportation, carpooling, etc. Employee commuting in 2009 represented 3.4% of overall emissions, using 5,512 MMBtus of energy, emitting 134 tons of CO2e, costing government employees a total of $116,914. Source Emissions Electricity was the primary source of emissions for the Town of Ithaca‟s operations in 2009, with 60% of emissions resulting from electricity to power buildings, facilities, and pumps associated with water and wastewater treatment. Gasoline accounted for 16% of emissions, with diesel fuel and natural gas representing 11%. 2% of overall emissions are attributable to methane from the wastewater treatment plant. Energy Costs Overall, the Town of Ithaca spent $1,015,508 in 2009 on energy. Employee commuting costs are incurred directly by individual employees, therefore making the actual cost of energy for government operations $934,632. The greatest energy expense is the water treatment facility, accounting for 43% of all energy costs. The Town‟s share of the wastewater treatment facility accounts for 27% of overall energy costs, with the fleet representing 11% of overall energy spending by the Town. 6% of energy expenditures are in the Town‟s buildings, while less than 1% is spend on streetlights. APPENDIX B: EXISTING ACTIONS Town Hall  Efficient lighting retrofit completed  Uses daylight for space lighting  Member of Tompkins County Solid Waste “ReBusiness Program,” and working to enhance recycling and waste reduction strategies Public Works  Purchases used and refurbished vehicles and equipment when possible  Most byproducts/waste collected and generated are reused in some way: leaves to compost, dirt and gravel from excavation to road material, brush and downed trees to mulch  Lubricants, oil, hydraulic fluid and antifreeze from vehicle fleet are collected and returned to vendor where it is reprocessed and made available for reuse  Vehicle/equipment lending and borrowing system with neighboring towns  Energy efficient lighting in Public Works office facility  Uses solar power for remote bank monitoring Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility  Methane from digesters provides 100% of the heat for the digesters, ¼ of electricity needs, and some heat for the buildings  Recently entered into a building performance contract and is expected to reduce CO2e emissions by 961 tons annually (67% from electricity reductions, 33% from natural gas.) With a 42% share of the plant, the Town of Ithaca can expect to reduce emissions by 404 tons CO2e annually. Over the next 20 years, it is estimated that IAWWTF will save close to $9 million in utility costs, based on a mutually agreed upon 3.5% annual escalation rate. Bolton Point Water Treatment Facility  Preliminary walk-through audit to assess energy savings opportunities completed  Occupancy sensors in main facility  Energy efficiency lighting in main facility Community Partnerships  Intermunicipal Sustainability Collaboration  County-wide Energy Campaign  Tompkins County Council of Governments  Tompkins County Climate Protection Initiative APPENDIX C: B20 FLEET CASE STUDY – TOMPKINS COUNTY In 2008 Tompkins County Legislature passed a resolution adding an energy and greenhouse gas emissions element to the County‟s comprehensive plan. In 2009 the Tompkins County Planning department implemented a green fleet policy. The policy set a goal of 10% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 5 years using 2008 as a baseline year and an 80% reduction by 2050. After examining several options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it became evident that the use of biodiesel was the easiest and most cost effective method of reduction. The Alternative Fuels Consortium was formed to explore availability and pricing. After several meetings a request for bid was advertised. Tompkins County Highway Division received their first load of B20 biodiesel on April 9, 2009 the provider was Mirabito Energy. Initially biodiesel had very little effect on the fleet performance. Biodiesel did not create any substantial changes in engine power. Engine efficiency remained within 2% compared to ultra low sulfur diesel fuel. After 10 to 14 days of biodiesel being in service, some vehicles in addition to the fuel dispensing pumps required fuel filter replacement. This was due to the solvent like nature of biofuels. The biodiesel tends to loosen any built up dirt or debris (corrosion, wax buildup) in the fuel system. As the particles are loosened they are trapped in the systems fuel filter clogging it and restricting fuel flow into the engine. No TOMPKINS COUNTY HIGHWAY DIVISION Jeffery V. Lucas, Equipment Service Manager170 Bostwick Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-274-0300 further issues were noted after the fuel filters were changed. One very noticeable difference in the use biodiesel is the engine exhaust smell. Standard ultralow sulfur diesel has a harsh smell that in close quarters tends to burn the eyes. Biodiesel has a distinct “French fry” smell that is much more tolerable and is somewhat liked by shop personnel. Highway continued the use of B20 until the fall of 2009. Concerns regarding the performance of the biodiesel in the winter months, because of the higher temperature at which biodiesel gels (a condition where the fuel goes from a liquid to a gel state, disabling the engine). Its use was discontinued on November 3, 2009. The use of B20 resumed the following June. No issues such as fuel filter replacements were necessary during the second introduction of B20. The use of B20 continued through the summer and into the fall of 2010. After additional research it was decided to use biodiesel throughout the winter in order to further push reduction goals. The concerns about biodiesel performance in winter months remained. We felt the use of biodiesel in the winter months would be possible though because the Highway dept. stores fuel underground. The stored fuel is maintained at a constant 50 to 55 degrees. Also all mainline snow and ice vehicles are stored in a heated building when not in use. When the vehicles are in use the radiant engine heat tends to warm returning fuel to approximately 85 to 90 degrees. It was decided to reduce the bio mix to a 10% blend in hopes to lower the gel temp of the fuel. In November of 2010 Tompkins County Highway received its first load of B10 biodiesel. B10 was used throughout the winter months with absolutely no adverse effects. There were absolutely no cases of engine failure due to fuel gel caused by B10. Highway switched the biodiesel blend back to B20 in the spring of 2011 and its use has continued to date. In November of this year we intend to return to B10 for the winter season. To date Tompkins County Highway has received 87,500 gallons of B20 biodiesel and 35,000 gallons of B10 blend resulting in a reduction of 348,250 pounds of GHG. On average the cost of biodiesel is $0.40 to $0.50 more than ultra low sulfur diesel depending on the blend. Total cost of the bio portion of the fuel for the 122,500 gallons is $55,125.00. The cost per pound of GHG reduced is $0.16. APPENDIX D: RENEWABLES The utilization of renewable, non-GHG-producing energy – particularly solar generated electricity – could make a significant contribution to GHG reduction within Town of Ithaca government operations. With energy efficiency as the foundation in a succession of efforts aimed at reducing energy consumption, lowering GHG emissions, and improving air quality, renewable energy is a critical component of the town‟s overall energy strategy. Research findings on the feasibility of various renewable energy options for the Town are summarized below: Solar PV DESCRIPTION: Solar PV is likely the most feasible and effective renewable energy option for the Town given the reliability and performance of the systems, the Town‟s high percentage of electricity consumption (60%), and the attractive financing mechanisms available through state and federal agencies. The Town has numerous facilities with several thousand square feet of roof space to support roof-mounted systems, as well as dozens of acres potentially available for ground-mounted systems. NYSERDA currently provides incentives for the installation of new solar electric of PV systems, reimbursing customers $1,750 per kW for systems up to 50 kW. In general, incentives for a typical residential or commercial system cover approximately 25-35% of the installed cost of a PV System but not more than 40%, after all tax credits are applied. More information can be found at: http://www.nyserda.org/funding/2112pon.asp The most attractive financing option for municipalities and for the Town of Ithaca is clearly a Power Purchase Agreement, which is described in the “Proposed Actions” section of this plan. To learn more about Power Purchase Agreements, visit: http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/buygp/solarpower.htm The Town of Ithaca has also applied for the New York Power Authority‟s “100 MW Solar PV Initiative,” which if selected, would enable the Town to serve as a host site to a solar PV system without the responsibility of maintenance and repair or the increased costs of renewable energy. NYPA expects to notify eligible participants of their status by Fall 2011. To learn more visit: http://www.nypa.gov/solar/100mw/default.htm RECOMMENDATION: The Town of Ithaca should proceed with a solar site evaluation from a local renewable energy contracting company. Solar Thermal DESCRIPTION: Solar thermal is one of the most cost effective renewable energy measures available for domestic hot water users in residential buildings. The hot water consumption in the Town‟s buildings is a small portion of the overall water consumption, and thus, overall natural gas usage. This renewable technology is best suited to the residential sector, and is highly incentivized by NYSERDA and the federal government. NYSERDA‟s “Solar Thermal Incentive” provides incentives for electrically heated hot water, with some funding available for natural gas systems. This program covers approximately 15-20% of installed costs, and can be reviewed here: http://www.nyserda.org/funding/2149attg.pdf The state provides a tax rebate to commercial entities of 25% of installed costs up to $50,000, which the Town is unable to access due to its tax exempt status. Similarly, the federal government provides a tax rebate of 30%, which is also unavailable to municipalities. This information, however, can be useful when implementing the community-wide emissions reduction plan. RECOMMENDATION: Because its best application is residential, and the available financing mechanisms are not accessible to the Town (our systems are natural gas and we are not able to access the federal tax rebate), solar thermal is not recommended as a renewable option for the Town at present. If more attractive financing options for municipal or commercial applications become available, the Town should pursue solar thermal given its quick return on investment. Wind DESCRIPTION: NYSERDA‟s Small Wind Explorer calculator (http://nyswe.awstruepower.com) rates potential wind energy sites for the Town - Town Hall, Public Works, and Bolton Point - as „Very Poor‟ for wind resources. Through its “On-site Wind Turbine Incentive Program,” NYSERDA provides $3.50/kWh up to 10,000 kWh and an additional $1.00/kWh beyond 10,000 kWh, capped at $400,000 per site. In general, NYSERDA does not recommend nor will it consider funding projects on sites rated as „Very Poor.‟ Overall, wind resources (speed, consistency, turbulence) are not suitable for small- scale commercial wind generation in the area. To learn more about the program, visit: http://www.nyserda.org/funding/2097summary.pdf RECOMMENDATION: The Town should not proceed with on-site wind generation at these particular sites, but should keep in mind the incentive programs to support community wind projects on sites with better wind resources that come about in the future. Biomass DESCRIPTION: Biomass is slowly emerging as a viable option for heating in the region. While many obstacles and barriers to wide adoption still exist, production potential is estimated to have the capacity to power nearly half of the households in Tompkins County. There are well over a hundred thousand acres in Tompkins County that are underutilized when it comes to their potential for producing biomass, including roughly 40,000 acres of fallow fields or inactive farmlands that, with little or no inputs, could be harvested for standing biomass1. Additionally, local renewable energy installers are beginning to include biomass systems installations as part of their offerings. To learn more about biomass initiatives in New York State, visit the New York Biomass Energy Alliance at: http://newyorkbiomass.org/ RECOMMENDATION: While current biomass programs through NYSERDA support research and development, it is likely that residential and commercial incentives will become available as technologies and production capacity improves. When the Town is faced with replacing its boilers at Town Hall, Public Works, and Bolton Point, a feasibility study under NYSERDA‟s “Flex-Tech” program (a 50% cost-sharing incentive) should be conducted to consider biomass as a heat source. To learn more about “Flex-Tech” visit: http://www.nyserda.org/programs/flextech.asp Geothermal DESCRIPTION: The Town of Ithaca is scheduled to replace the Town Hall parking lot in the next year, raising questions about whether the time is ripe to explore a geothermal system, which requires excavation to install pipes in the ground. A feasibility study costing somewhere between $10,000 and $15,000 would be the first step in exploring a geothermal system. Rough calculations completed by Taitem Engineering in the Spring of 2011 revealed that Town Hall alone would require a 42-ton system at a minimum cost of $800,000. RECOMMENDATION: Without any funding opportunities available through NYSERDA at this point, a geothermal system is highly cost prohibitive to the Town in the short-term and should not be pursued under current conditions. District Energy 1 Excerpted from Cornell Cooperative Extension of Tompkins County report, “Preparatory Work for Establishing a Nonfood Biomass-Based Energy Industry in Tompkins County,” 2011. DESCRIPTION: The Town is part of a task force comprised of representatives from the County, Ithaca College, the Ithaca Downtown Alliance, the Tompkins County Climate Protection Initiative, and other stakeholders charged with exploring funding sources for a feasibility study on the potential of a district energy combined heat and power plant on South Hill. This plant could provide heat and power to the largest energy users in the area, including most County, City, and Town buildings, the Ithaca Commons, Ithaca College, the South Hill Business Campus, the now-defunct Emerson Complex, and several other commercial and residential entities. RECOMMENDATION: Although this effort is in its initial stages and requires long-term planning, the Town should stay involved and support in any way possible to ensure success and take advantage of the opportunity to save money and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while facilitating the development of local renewable energy generation. APPENDIX E: POLICY TEMPLATES Sample Policies and Resources Green Fleet Guidance on policy development: http://www.garfieldcleanenergy.org/pdf/transportation/2010FleetsWkshp/G-NECI-Fleet-Policy-Guidelines.pdf Tompkins County Green Fleet Policy: http://www.tompkins-co.org/ctyadmin/policy/documents/01-44.pdf City of Seattle Green Fleet Policy: http://www.cityofseattle.net/environment/Documents/CleanGreenFleetAP.pdf Green Procurement Policy ICLEI Resource Guide: Environmentally Preferable Purchasing: http://www.icleiusa.org/action-center/learn-from- others/Environmentally_Preferable_Procurement_Guide_FINAL.pdf/?searchterm=procurement Town of New Castle, NY http://www.newcastle-ny.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=766:green-procurement-policy&catid=142:green- businesses&Itemid=331 City of Portland, OR: Sustainable Procurement Policy: http://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/UserFiles/File/Portland,%20OR_SustainableProcurementPolicyFinal_2008.pdf APPENDIX F: CLIMATE SMART COMMUNITIES RESOLUTION STUDY SESSION OF THE ITHACA TOWN BOARD MONDAY, APRIL 27, 2009 TB RESOLUTION NO. 2009-086: Town of Ithaca Resolution to Participate in New York State Department of Environmental Conservation “Climate Smart Communities” Initiative WHEREAS, the Town of Ithaca Board believes that climate change poses a real and increasing threat to our local and global environments which is primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels; and WHEREAS, the effects of climate change may endanger our infrastructure, economy and livelihoods; harm our farms, orchards, ecological communities, including native fish and wildlife populations; reduce drinking water supplies; and pose potential health threats to our citizens; and WHEREAS, we believe that our response to climate change provides us with an unprecedented opportunity to save money, and to build livable, energy-independent and secure communities, vibrant innovation economies, healthy and safe schools, and resilient infrastructures; and WHEREAS, we believe the scale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions required for climate stabilization will require sustained and substantial efforts; and WHEREAS, we believe that even if emissions were dramatically reduced today, communities would still be required to adapt to the effects of climate change for decades to come, IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED that Town of Ithaca, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to a changing climate will 1. Combat Climate Change by Becoming a Climate Smart Community Set goals to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to predicted climatic changes. Establish a task force of local officials and community members to review the issues and propose a plan of action. Work cooperatively with similar task forces in neighboring communities to ensure that efforts complement and reinforce one another. 2. Set Goals, Inventory Emissions, Move to Action Gather data, inventory GHG gas emissions, and establish baselines for local government operations and community sectors. Develop quantifiable interim GHG emission targets consistent with emission reduction goals and propose a schedule and financing strategy to meet them. Encourage stakeholder and public input and develop an action plan. Report emissions to The Climate Registry (TCR), which has developed a standardized method for reporting emissions inventories; track and evaluate progress. 3. Decrease Energy Demand for Local Government Operations Adopt a goal of reducing electricity use by 15 percent from projected levels no later than 2015. Existing Public Facilities. Inventory current building electricity usage and identify opportunities for conservation and efficiency retrofits. Obtain energy assessments from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), the New York Power Authority, the Long Island Power Authority or other professionals. Consider actions such as purchasing energy efficient equipment and appliances, such as ENERGY STAR®; improving lighting, heating, and cooling efficiency; setting thermostats for maximum energy conservation; decreasing plug load from office equipment; and increasing pump efficiency in water and wastewater systems. New Public Buildings. Achieve at least minimum U.S. Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design standards (LEED Silver) for all new local government buildings. Infrastructure. Incorporate energy efficient technologies and operations and maintenance practices into municipal street lighting, traffic signals, and water and wastewater treatment facilities. Vehicle Fleet and Commuting. Improve the average fuel efficiency of local government fleet vehicles. Discourage vehicle idling and encourage bicycling, car-pooling and public transit for employees. Consider reducing the number of vehicles; converting fleet vehicles to sustainable alternative fuels; and using electric vehicles where possible. 4. Encourage Renewable Energy for Local Government Operations Supply as much of the local government's power, heat and hot water needs as is deemed feasible from solar, wind, and small hydro through purchase or direct generation. 5. Realize Benefits of Recycling and Other Climate Smart Solid Waste Management Practices Expand the "reduce, reuse and recycle" approach to waste management in local government operations and in the whole community. Reduce the amount of solid waste generated -- promote backyard composting and educate residents on how to prevent waste. Provide recycling receptacles in local government buildings and outdoor spaces, require duplex printing in government offices, compost food scraps and green waste, and develop a comprehensive green purchasing program. 6. Promote Climate Protection through Community Land Use Planning Combat climate change by encouraging low-emissions development that is resilient to climatic changes. When updating land use policies, building codes or community plans, include provisions to combat climate change; reduce sprawl; preserve and protect open space, biodiversity, and water supplies; promote compact, transit-oriented, bikeable and walkable communities; promote infill development; minimize new development in floodplains; maintain or establish healthy community forests; and promote best forest management practices and encourage tree planting, especially along waterways, to increase shading and to absorb carbon dioxide. 7. Plan for Adaptation to Unavoidable Climate Change Evaluate risks from unavoidable climate change, set adaptation goals and plan for adaptation. Identify climate change impacts (such as flooding, drought, and extreme temperatures) that could affect the community. Identify areas such as water supply and sewer infrastructure that may be at risk due to future changes in climate. Factor risks into long-term investments and decision-making. Execute climate change adaptation and preparedness measures through local government planning, development and operations, giving priority to the highest risk areas. 8. Support a Green Innovation Economy Identify opportunities to incorporate climate protection, sustainability and environmental goods and service industries into economic development plans. Encourage workforce development training and school curricula that support the emerging green collar job sector, including renewable energy and energy efficiency, as well as climate smart solid waste management practices. Procure climate smart goods and services for local government operations. 9. Inform and Inspire the Public Lead by example. Highlight local government commitment to reducing energy use and adapting to changing conditions. Demonstrate the benefits of energy savings, energy efficiency, and renewable energy projects by hosting open houses; holding local meetings; working with school districts, colleges, and universities to develop climate change curricula and programs; and regularly communicating community climate protection goals and progress to constituents. 10. Commit to an Evolving Process Acknowledge that research and policy on climate protection are constantly improving and evolving. Be willing to consider new ideas and commit to update plans and policies as needed. Compare successes, cooperate and collaborate with neighboring communities to redirect less-effective actions and amplify positive results. MOVED: Councilwoman Hunter SECONDED: Councilman DePaolo VOTE: Supervisor Engman, aye; Councilwoman Leary, aye; Councilman Stein, aye; Councilman Goodman, aye; Councilman Levine, aye; Councilman DePaolo, aye; Councilwoman Hunter, aye. Carried unanimously. APPENDIX G: TOOLS AND RESOURCES ICLEI – www.icleiusa.org ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is an association of city and county governments dedicated to improving global environmental conditions through cumulative local action. ICLEI encourages action by focusing on improvement to the quality of life for the entire community by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. improving air quality, reducing traffic congestion and achieving financial savings for residents and businesses). In 2005 alone, local government members of ICLEI reduced their greenhouse gas emissions by 23 million tons. This translates to about $600 million in annual cumulative savings, largely on energy expenditures. The Town‟s GHG emissions inventory and subsequent energy action planning was largely supported by the software tools developed by ICLEI and the technical expertise provided by its program staff. The Clean Air Climate Protection (CACP) software was utilized to calculate GHG emissions from local government sources and the Climate and Air Pollution Planning Assistant (CAPPA) software was utilized to quantify the GHG emissions reductions associated with the actions recommended in this plan to reach reduction targets. Sustainable Cities Institute - www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org/view/page.home/home The Sustainable Cities Institute (SCI) is a tool that allows cities to utilize a holistic, long-term approach to sustainability planning and implementation of healthy communities. The SCI website is a dynamic online toolbox that is shaped by its users, who post, comment and contribute to the website. From its homepage, users can navigate through technical silos including Economic Development, Water, Materials Management, Land Use and Transportation; as well as through classrooms, communication labs, a planning center and a library. In addition, there are forums, webinars, a calendar, City Profiles and an interactive “Sustainable City” map. The website provides a number of resources, including sample policies, ordinances, plans, case studies, reports, and more related to urban sprawl, inner-city and brownfield redevelopment, economic development and growth, ecosystem management, agriculture, hydrology, biodiversity, green buildings, energy conservation, watershed management, and pollution prevention. Funding Opportunities and Technical Assistance New York State Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) – www.NYSERDA.org New York Power Authority (NYPA) – www.NYPA.gov New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG) – www.NYSEG.com Department of Energy (DOE) – www.energy.gov