HomeMy WebLinkAboutZBA Minutes 1990-11-28 FILED
TOWN OF ITHACA
Date O
Clerk
-TOWN OF ITHACA t 4r LZ
ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS
NOVEMBER 28 , 1990
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE MATTERS THAT WERE HEARD ON NOVEMBER 28 ,
1990 BY THE BOARD :
APPEAL OF SAMIR HANNA , APPELLANT , REQUESTING VARIANCES FROM
THE REQUIREMENTS OF ARTICLE . IV , SECTION 11 , PARAGRAPH 10
( BUILDING HEIGHT ) , AND ARTICLE IV , SECTION 14 ( FRONT YARD
BUILDING SET BACK ) , OF THE TOWN OF ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE ,
FOR THE PROPOSED .CONSTRUCTION OF A SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCE
TO BE LOCATED AT 8 WINNER ' S CIRCLE , TOWN OF ITHACA TAX
PARCEL NO . 6 - 58 - 1 -8 . 4 , RESIDENCE DISTRICT R- 15 . THE
RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE PROPOSED HAS AN EXTERIOR BUILDING
HEIGHT OF 32 FEET 9 . INCHES , 30 FEET BEING THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT
PERMITTED , AND A FRONT YARD SET BACK OF 22 . 1 FEET , 25 FEET
BEING REQUIRED .
GRANTED WITH CONDITION .
ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING ( ADJOURNED FROM OCTOBER 10 , AND
NOVEMBER 14 , 1990 ) , UNDER ARTICLE XIV , SECTION 77 , OF THE
TOWN OF ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE , FOR AN INTERPRETATION BY '
THE BOARD OF APPEALS OF ARTICLE VII , SECTION 35 , OF SAID
ORDINANCE TO DETERMINE IF ANY USES PERMITTED IN BUSINESS
DISTRICTS "A" , " B " , AND " C " MAY BE PERMITTED IN A BUSINESS
DISTRICT " D " , AND FURTHER , TO DETERMINE WHAT SALES/USES MAY
BE CUSTOMARILY ENCOMPASSED WITHIN A GASOLINE SALES STATION .
INTERPRETATION RENDERED .
DISCUSSION : 1 . a . Proposed amendment to the Zoning
Ordinance with respect to exempting
subdivisions from the requirement to
obtain fill permits ' under certain
circumstances .
RECOMMENDED .
b . Proposed amendment to the Zoning
Ordinance relating . to occupancy of
mobile home park districts .
RECOMMENDED .
c . Proposed amendment to the Zoning
Ordinance with respect to the
amortization of certain non-conforming
uses .
NO ACTION TAKEN .
2 . Recommendation to the Town Board with . respect
to the appointment of the Zoning Board of
Appeals Chairperson for 1991 . Edward Austen .
3 . Election of the Zoning Board of Appeals Vice
Chairperson for 1991 . Joan Reuning .
FILED
TOWN OF ITHACA
Town of Ithaca Datec� �. i99 1
Zoning Board of Appeals Clerk
November 28 , 1990
TOWN OF ITHACA
ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS
NOVEMBER 28 , 1990
PRESENT : Chairman Henry Aron , Robert Hines , Joan Reuning , Edward
King , Zoning Enforcement Office/ Building Inspector
Andrew Frost , Town Attorney John Barney .
ABSENT : Edward Austen .
OTHERS PRESENT : Samir Hanna , William McMinn , Dave Auble .
Chairman Aron called the meeting to order at 7 : 10 p . m . and
stated that all posting , publication and notification of the
public hearing has been completed and that proper affidavits of
same were in order .
The Appeal on the Agenda was the following .
APPEAL OF SAMIR HANNA , APPELLANT , REQUESTING VARIANCES
FROM THE REQUIREMENTS OF ARTICLE IV , SECTION 11 ,
PARAGRAPH 10 ( BUILDING HEIGHT ) , AND ARTICLE IV , SECTION
14 ( FRONT YARD BUILDING SETBACK ) , OF THE TOWN OF
ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE , FOR THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION
OF A SINGLE -FAMILY RESIDENCE TO BE LOCATED AT 8
WINNER ' S CIRCLE , TOWN OF ITHACA TAX PARCEL NO . 6 - 58 - 1 -
8 . 4 , RESIDENCE DISTRICT R- 15 , THE RESIDENTIAL
STRUCTURE PROPOSED HAS AN EXTERIOR BUILDING HEIGHT OF
32 FEET 9 INCHES , 30 FEET BEING THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT
PERMITTED , AND A FRONT YARD SET BACK OF 22 . 1 FEET , 25
FEET BEING REQUIRED .
Mr . Samir Hanna appeared before the Board and presented a
drawing of the proposed house . He explained the slopes that are
involved on the property .
Mr . Hanna stated that when they staked the property and
started construction , the stakes were at a 25 feet setback for
the intended location of the house . However , after the
contractor dug the basement the fill material was found to be
inadequate to carry the foundation of the house . Mr . Hanna said
that at that time he hired consultants and engineers to look at
the situation and they came to the same conclusion .
Mr . Frost interjected that his office has proof of the
problems with the soil for this construction project .
Town of Ithaca 2
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
Mr . Hanna further stated that all the fill material was
removed and replaced with compacted gravel ( engineered fill ) . He
said that during that process the stakes were moved inadvertently
from the original location and when the footers and the walls of
the basement were poured , Mr . Baker , the surveyor , found that the
proposed house was found to be in violation of the setback
Article at two corners .
Chairman Aron opened the public hearing .
Mr . William McMinn , 1351 Slate.rville Road , owner of Tax
Parcel 58 - 1 - 10 . 1 , explained to the Board that he is concerned
about the proposed construction of this house because his
property overlooks the location . He said there may be three lots
still to develop there and he is concerned about the continuance
of having variances awarded after the projects have moved on . He
thinks that it is important to maintain the standards that the
Town has set up and he feels the Board may be setting up a
precedent for the future use of those lots which are situated in
an awkward position to put buildings on .
Mr . McMinn stated that he is concerned about the height of
the proposed house because it eliminates two feet of trees for
him to overlook 6 Mile Creek and South Hill which is one reason
he bought his property in the first place .
Mr . Hines spoke regarding the topography of the area in
question and further discussion followed .
Chairman Aron closed the public hearing .
MOTION ( Setback )
By Mr . Robert Hines ; seconded by Mrs . Joan Reuning ;
RESOLVED , that the Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
grant and hereby does grant a Variance for Mr . Hanna from the set
back requirements of the Zoning Ordinance for the proposed
construction of a single- family residence to be located at 8
Winner ' s Circle with the following findings :
19 that the placement of the concrete foundation was done
with reasonable diligence .
2o that the placement of the foundation too close to the
street line was inadvertent .
® 3a that the proposed construction imposes no burden on the
surrounding properties .
Town of Ithaca 3
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
4 * that the development of this property is consistent
with the development of the community in this area .
5 , that to deny the variance would impose a hardship and
severe burden on the applicant .
Aye - Hines , Reuning , Aron , King .
Nay - None .
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY .
MOTION ( Height Variance )
By Mrs . Joan Reuning ; seconded by Mr . Robert Hines .
RESOLVED , that the Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
grant and hereby does grant a height variance to Mr . Hanna
for the proposed construction of a single - family residence
to be located at 8 Winner ' s Circle , with the following
findings and condition :
10 that from the front of the building , the building would
be below the maximum height , which would be the only
side of the building that would have any implication
with the neighborhood .
29 that from the rear of the house , no one would be
adversely affected , being that there are no existing
residences behind the house .
3a that the topography of this land makes it impossible to
build a house that has any kind of height in the front
without having to get a variance , thereby making it a
hardship .
4 * that the hardship is to bring the fill to the level of
2 feet .
5a that the variance be granted for no more than three
feet .
Aye - Reuning , Hines , King , Aron .
Nay - None .
6
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY .
Resignation of Mr . HenryAron to the Board of Zoning Appeals
Chairman Aron stated that he has tendered his resignation as
Board member and Chairman to be effective December 31 , 1990 .
Town of Ithaca 4
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
Election of Chairman for the Zoning Board of Appeals
By Chairman Aron ; seconded by Mr . Robert Hines ,
RESOLVED , that the Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
elects as its Chairman Edward Austen ' for the period of January 1 ,
1991 through December 31 , 1991 .
Aye - Aron , King , Hines , Reuning .
Nay - None ,
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY
Election of Vice Chairman for the Zoning Board of Appeals
By Chairman Aron ; seconded by Mr . Robert Hines :
RESOLVED , that the Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
elects as its Vice Chairman Joan Reuning for the period of
January 1 , 1991 through December 31 , 1991 .
Aye - Aron , Reuning , King , Hanes .
Nay - None .
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY .
ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING ( ADJOURNED FROM OCTOBER 10 AND
NOVEMBER 141 1990 ) , UNDER ARTICLE XIV , SECTION 77 , OF
THE TOWN OF ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE , FOR AN
INTERPRETATION BY THE BOARD OF APPEALS OF ARTICLE VII ,
SECTION 35 , OF SAID ORDINANCE TO DETERMINE IF ANY USES
PERMITTED IN BUSINESS DISTRICTS "A" , " B" , AND " C" MAY
BE PERMITTED IN A BUSINESS DISTRICT " D " , AND FURTHER ,
TO DETERMINE WHAT SALES/USES MAY BE CUSTOMARILY
ENCOMPASSED WITHIN A GASOLINE SALES STATION .
Resolution offered by Mr . Edward King , seconded by Mr . Robert
Hines :
IN THE MATTER OF THE INTERPRETATION OF ZONING ORDINANCE , SECTION
35 , ( re . permitted ACCESSORY uses in Business " D " Zones : gasoline
sales stations and repair garages ) , THE ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS
HEREBY :
Town of Ithaca 5
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
ADOPTS AS FINDINGS THE FOLLOWING .
1 . Section 35 of the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance specifies
as the only permitted uses in the Business : " D " Zones to be
created thereunder , the operation of Gasoline Service
Stations and Automotive Repair Garages , while Section 31 ,
restricts the location of such Districts to prevent them in
R- 15 Residence Zones .
2 . Section 35 itself also provides that these Districts are
subject to the further restrictions of Section 71 , which
establishes special separation minimums - - applicable only
to gas stations and automotive repair garages , to keep
building and facilities back from street lines and residence
districts , and to limit the intrusion of these facilities
into the side yards and front yards of the Lot . And Section
35 issues the further warning that Business D facilities and
uses are also subject to the provisions of Section 54 of the
Ordinance - - which permits the extension of a non-conforming
building or use only upon authorization of the ZBA .
® 3 . Accessory Uses permitted in the Business Zones by Section 36
are limited to accessory storage buildings , parking , and
signs - - as far as they would seem to be applicable to a
Business D zone . No provisions for the Special Approval of
the ZBA ( with or without Planning Board approval of a site
plan ) appears to be provided in Article VII [ Sections 31 -
39 ] ; but Section 39 and 46 - a of the Ordinance do call for
site plan approval by the Planning Board for any building or
structure to be erected within any business district .
4 . Some 55 specified types of Business operations are specified
as permitted uses or operations in one or the other of the 3
Business Districts , in their delineation in Sections 32 - 34
of the Ordinance . Only Business " D " districts are limited_
to but 2 specified uses .
5 . It thus seems clear from the Ordinance itself that
businesses providing automotive gasoline , oil , care and
repair , were to be specially sited and specially controlled
by limitations . The inherent danger in the storage and
dispensing of volatile , flammable and explosive fuels , and
the high volume of traffic into them and out of them onto
streets or highways abutting , undoubtedly account in large
measure for the concern of the drafters in singling out
these businesses for special attention and restriction .
6 . Minimizing retail sales activities at . most service stations
sites appears to be the general goal and thrust of our
Zoning Ordinance .
Town of Ithaca 6
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
7 . Yet there are undoubtedly some situations , places , .
facilities , where an expansion of such sales might be
desirable and safely implements , but the burden of -
establishing need , desirability and safety ought to be
placed upon the proponent and subjected to careful scrutiny
via public hearings and board determinations - - site plans
and traffic impact studies being essential elements to be
considered in every . determination .
8 . Note is also made of the fact that many or most service
stations in the area sell other automotive utilities and
supplies ( tires , batteries ; wiper blades ; snow - brushes and
ice scrapers ; mud flaps ; anti - freeze ; windshield wash ; etc .
etc . ) , as well as soda , cigarettes , candy , gum. and snacks .
90 One argument advanced for the specific enlargement of retail
sale opportunities at Business D facilities is that economic
necessity requires that a supplier of these essential items
for automotive fuels and repairs supplement the sales
generated at such a location by the sale of other products .
If that is true as a general proposition for all service
® stations , it would seem that it should be established to the
satisfaction of the Town Board as a reason for expanding the
statement of permitted uses in Business D Zones in Section
35 . If in a particular situation only , the. Planning Board ,
in recommending or opposing a Variance , should carefully
scrutinize whether the Station ought to be sited there at
all , and what limiting parameters might be essential or wise
for the operation .
10 . The essential purpose of a gasoline service station ( with or
without repair facilities ) being to enable the motorist to
fuel his vehicle and resume his highway travel . A station
should be able to provide most things of immediate necessity
or aid to that end , without. Special Permission or Variance ,
And that automatic inclusion ought to include some fueling
and refreshing of driver and passengers , as well as of the
vehicle itself .
The limitations suggested by Mr . Barney , to " snack food
items , coffee , soda , cookies , cigarettes , and various type
convenience items generally used for immediate consumption
by the patron who has purchased gasoline products " might
well be sufficient to the task of deterring the use of the
station as a substitute grocery or drug store , newspaper and
magazine vending establishment , etc , - - thus limiting
® station traffic in volume and duration . But consider also .
• Town of Ithaca 7
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
( a ) Items essential or merely helpful to enable the vehicle
to proceed on its journey would seem to include the following .
wiper blades , fuses , . . . [ See " 8 " above ]
( b ) AND custom dictates that it is now reasonable to expect
to be able to purchase items to aid the individual , such as .
candy , gum , cigarettes, kleenex , and colas and other soft drinks ,
coffee could also be included as helpful to restore alertness ,
aspirin and alka - seltzer would also be helpful . Cookies , ice
cream , crackers and other munchies might also add to the
enjoyment of the trip and even contribute to an avoidance of
drowsiness .
11 . Of primary importance to Planners and Zoners , it would seem ,
is/ are the goal ( s ) of minimizing dangerous congestion and
traffic flow into and out of service stations . The amount
of vehicular and pedestrian traffic expected at one site and
another may vary widely , depending upon the location of the
station . Expanding the number of goods for sale will surely
expand the frequency and intensity of traffic on the site ,
the time spent there , and the likelihood of extensive harm
and damage if a fire or explosion should take place there .
12 . To expand a station operation to include the sale of daily
newspapers , bread , canned goods , household items and other
staples and items commonly found in a convenience store ,
grocery store , drug store , magazine stand , video store , and
other types of retail sales stores requires the exercise of
a great deal of caution - - for vehicle and pedestrian
traffic , congestion , and potential danger is thereby
invited . Newspapers invite daily stops , as does the
offering of other items .
13 . In the interests of promoting safety by minimizing or
optimizing vehicular traffic in and out of service stations ,
while yet not defeating the purpose of such stations , narrow
circumscription of the items that may be unquestionably sold
at gasoline service stations and repair garages , seems in
order in interpreting Section 35 of the Zoning Ordinance .
NOW , THEREFORE , BE IT RESOLVED , that this Board now decides that
the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance , Section 35 , permitting
gasoline service station and repair garages only in Business " D "
Zones , is to be interpreted to mean that .
A . The Zoning Ordinance and Section 35 in particular are not to
• be interpreted to generally permit therein any primary or
accessory uses as are permitted in the other Business Zones ,
A , B , C , or E .
Town of Ithaca 8
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
B . However , some retail sales from a• station or garage should
be permitted in accordance with need and custom and the
purposes of such automotive service and repair facilities .
The essential purpose of a gasoline service . station ( with or
without repair facilities ) being to enable the motorist to
fuel his vehicle and resume his highway travel , the Service
Station operator ought also be permitted to provide , as is
customary , most things of immediate necessity or aid to that
end , including some limited fueling and refreshing of
driver and passengers , as well as of - the vehicle itself ; but
the items offered for retail sale should be limited snack
food items , coffee , soda , cookies , cigarettes , and various
type convenience items generally used for immediate
consumption by the patron who has purchased gasoline
products .
But Service Stations and Garages should not be used as a
substitute grocery or drug store , newspaper and magazine
vending establishment , nor to engage in any other retail
sales which themselves invite vehicular or pedestrian
traffic and tend to increase station traffic in volume and
duration without correlation with the primary purpose of the
station - -viz . , to service motor vehicles .
AND BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED , that sale items to be generally
permitted include the following :
( a ) Items essential or merely helpful to enable the vehicle
to proceed on its journey could include the following . wiper
blades , fuses , automotive utilities and supplies , such as tires ;
batteries , wiper blades ; snow- brushes and ice scrapers ; mud
flaps , anti - freeze ; windshield wash ; and similar articles and
supplies .
( b ) And custom dictates that it is now reasonable to expect
to be able to purchase items to aid the individual , such as :
candy , gum , cigarettes , kleenex , and colas and other soft drinks ,
coffee could also be included as helpful to restore alertness ,
aspirin and alka - seltzer would also be helpful . Cookies , ice
cream , crackers and other munchies might also be reasonably sold
to the motorist who has just purchased gasoline or oil products
at the station - - such items being regarded as adding to the
enjoyment of the trip and perhaps contributing to an avoidance of
drowsiness .
•
Town of Ithaca 9
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
( c ) Our general intent is that the offerings for retail
sale at a station or garage are to be generally so limited and
focused on the travelling motorist that people are discouraged
from daily or frequent shopping there , and particularly from
making purchases there unrelated to their vehicular travel or
irrespective of their having stopped primarily for vehicular
service needs .
( d ) Section 35 of the Ordinance is not to be interpreted
to expand a station operation to include the sale of items other
than referred to above such as daily newspapers , bread , canned
goods , household items and other staples and items commonly found
in a convenience store , grocery store , drug store , magazine
stand , video store , and other types of retail sales stores ,
irrespective of travelling needs and immediate consumption . No
item offered should itself be likely to significantly increase
vehicular or pedestrian traffic or congestion around the station
or in the immediate area .
Chairman Aron called for a voice vote in the above matter
which resulted as follows :
Mr . King - Aye
Mr . Hines - Aye
Mrs . Reuning - Aye
Mr . Aron - Aye
The motion was carried unanimously .
Mr . Hines offered a resolution which was seconded by Mr .
King as follows :
WHEREAS , Section 35 of the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance
was enacted at a time when the market structure of gasoline sales
and service was substantially different than it is at present ,
and
WHEREAS , gasoline sales facilities in and about the County
of Tompkins customarily and as part of their regular business
activities sell a variety of snack foods and drinks and related
convenience items for the travelling public , and
WHEREAS , the Board of Zoning Appeals has been called upon to
interpret the meaning of gasoline service stations and the Board
of Zoning Appeals has interpreted that noun to include activities
relating to retail sales of items of convenience for the
travelling public , and
Town of Ithaca 10
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
WHEREAS , the Board of Zoning Appeals feels that the matter
should properly be addressed by the Town Board with the prospect
of drafting a more comprehensive definition of gasoline sales or
service stations ; now therefore be it
RESOLVED , that the Board of Zoning Appeals of the Town of
Ithaca does recommend to the Town Board of the Town of Ithaca ,
the Planning . Board of the Town of Ithaca and the Planning staff
of the Town of Ithaca they consider an amendment to the Zoning
Ordinance of the Town of Ithaca amplifying or redefining the
meaning of the term " gasoline sales station " .
Chairman Aron called for a voice vote on the above
resolution which resulted as follows :
Mr . Hines - Aye
Mr . King - Aye
Mrs . Reuning - Aye
Mr . Aron - Aye
The motion was carried unanimously .
Proposed amendment to the Zoning Ordinance with respect to
exempting subdivisions from the requirement to obtain fill
permits under certain circumstances
MOTION : By Mr . Henry Aron ; seconded by Mr . Robert Hines :
RESOLVED , that the following Local Law be recommended to the Town
Board for their consideration and action :
TOWN OF ITHACA
LOCAL LAW NO . OF THE YEAR 19
A LOCAL LAW AMENDING THE TOWN OF ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE
EXEMPTING SUBDIVISIONS FROM THE REQUIREMENT TO OBTAIN FILL
PERMITS UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES .
Be it enacted by the Town Board of the Town of Ithaca as
follows :
The Zoning Ordinance of the Town of Ithaca as readopted ,
amended and revised effective February 26 , 1968 , and % subsequently
amended , be further amended as follows .
1 . Article XIII , Section 70 , is hereby amended by adding a.
new subdivision 5 in the list of exceptions reading as follows :
• Town of Ithaca 11
Zoning Board " of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
115 . Removal or deposit of fill in connection with
construction of roads and other facilities in a
subdivision approved in accordance with the
requirements of the Town of Ithaca Planning Board ,
provided , however , that
( a ) plans for such construction showing in sufficient
detail the proposed removal and/ or deposit of fill
were submitted to the Planning Board and approved
by the Town Engineer in conjunction with the
subdivision approval ; or
( b ) the Planning Board expressly waived the
requirement of submission' of such drawings and the
total amount of material to be either deposited or
removed is less than 500 cubic . yards .
In any event the exception granted by this subparagraph
shall not apply to any construction which occurs more than three
years after granting of final subdivision approval by the Town
Planning Board . "
2 . This Local Law shall take effect upon its publication as
required by law .
Aye - Aron , Hines , King , Reuning .
Nay - None .
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY .
Proposed amendment to the Zoning Ordinance relating to occupancy
of mobile home park districts
MOTION : By Mr . Henry Aron , seconded by Mr . Edward King .
RESOLVED , That the following Local Law be recommended to the Town
Board for their consideration and action :
TOWN OF ITHACA
LOCAL LAW NO . OF THE YEAR 19
A LOCAL LAW AMENDING THE TOWN OF ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE RELATING
TO OCCUPANCY OF MOBILE HOME PARK DISTRICTS .
Be it enacted by the Town Board of the Town of Ithaca as
• follows :
v
Town of Ithaca 12
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
The Zoning Ordinance of the Town of Ithaca as readopted ,
amended and revised effective February 26 , 1969 , and subsequently
amended , be further amended as follows .
1 . Article II -A , � Section 3 ( b ) , is hereby amended by adding
at the end thereof the following :
" In a mobile home park , there shall be no more than one
dwelling unit maintained in each mobile home . In addition ,
each dwelling unit may be occupied by not more than
( a ) one family , or
( b ) one family plus no more than two boarders , roomers ,
lodgers , or other occupants . "
2 . This law shall take effect upon its publication as
required by law .
Aye - Aron , King , Hines , Reuning .
Nay - None .
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY .
Proposed amendment to the Zoning Ordinance providing for the
amortization of certain non-conforming uses .
MOTION : By Mr . Henry Aron ; seconded by Mr . Robert Hines .
RESOLVED , that in the matter of " A LOCAL LAW AMENDING THE TOWN OF
ITHACA ZONING ORDINANCE PROVIDING FOR THE AMORTIZATION OF CERTAIN
NON - CONFORMING USES " recommendation to the Town Board for their
consideration , the Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
determines at this time not to act .
Aye - Aron , Hines , Reuning , King .
Nay - None .
CARRIED UNANIMOUSLY .
The meeting adjourned at 8 : 50 p . m .
Connie J . liolcomb
Recording Secretary
• APPROVED :
40 k
Henry Aron , Chairman
P
ADOPTED RESOLUTION
® I 1
Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
Resolution offered by Mr . Edward King , seconded by Mr . Robert
Hines :
IN THE MATTER OF THE INTERPRETATION OF ZONING ORDINANCE , SECTION
35 , ( re . permitted ACCESSORY uses in Business " D " Zones : gasoline
sales stations and repair garages ) , THE ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS
HEREBY :
ADOPTS AS FINDINGS THE FOLLOWING .
1 . Section ' 35 of the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance specifies
as the only permitted uses in the Business : " D " Zones to be
created thereunder , the operation of Gasoline Service
Stations and Automotive Repair Garages , while Section 31 ,
restricts the location of such Districts to prevent them in
R- 15 Residence Zones .
2 . Section 35 itself also provides that these Districts are
subject to the further restrictions of Section 71 , which
establishes special separation minimums - - applicable only
to gas stations and automotive repair garages , to keep
building and facilities back from street lines and residence
districts , and to limit the intrusion of these facilities
into the side yards and front - yards of the Lot . And Section
35 issues the further warning that Business D facilities and
uses are also subject to the provisions of Section 54 of the
Ordinance - - which permits the extension of a non-conforming
building or use only upon authorization of the ZBA .
30 Accessory Uses permitted in the Business Zones by Section 36
are limited to accessory storage buildings , parking , and
signs - - as far as they would seem to be applicable to a
Business D zone . No provisions for the Special Approval of
the ZBA ( with or without Planning Board approval of a site
plan ) appears to be provided in Article VII ( Sections 31 -
39 ) , but Section 39 and 46 - a of the Ordinance do call for
site plan approval by the Planning Board for any building or
structure to be erected within any business district .
4 . Some 55 specified types of Business operations are specified
as permitted uses or operations in one or the other of the 3
Business Districts , in their delineation in Sections 32 - 34
of the Ordinance . Only Business " D " districts are limited
to but 2 specified uses .
k,,. ADQPTFD. RESOLUTION
® Town of Ithaca 2
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
5 . It thus seems clear from the Ordinance itself that
businesses providing automotive gasoline , oil , care and
repair , were to be specially sited and specially controlled
by limitations . The inherent danger in the storage and
dispensing of volatile , flammable and explosive fuels , and
the high volume of traffic into them and out of them onto
streets or highways abutting , undoubtedly account in large
measure for the concern of the drafters in singling out
these businesses for special attention and restriction .
6 . Minimizing retail sales activities at most service stations
sites appears to be the general goal and thrust of our
Zoning Ordinance .
7 . Yet there are undoubtedly some situations , places ,
facilities , where an expansion of such sales might be
desirable and safely implements , but the burden of
establishing need , desirability and safety ought to be
placed upon the proponent and subjected to careful scrutiny
via public hearings and board determinations - - site plans
® and traffic impact studies being essential elements to be
considered in every determination .
8 . Note is also made of the fact that many or most service
stations in the area sell other automotive utilities and
supplies ( tires ; batteries , wiper blades , snow-brushes and
ice scrapers ; mud flaps , anti - freeze ; windshield wash ; etc .
etc . ) , as well as soda , cigarettes , candy , gum and snacks .
9 . One argument advanced for the specific enlargement of retail
sale opportunities at Business D facilities is that economic
necessity requires that a supplier of these essential items
for automotive fuels and repairs supplement the sales
generated at such a location by the sale of other products .
If that is true as a general proposition for all service
stations , it would seem that it should be established to the
satisfaction of the Town Board as a reason for expanding the
statement of permitted uses in Business D Zones in Section
35 . If in a particular situation only , the Planning Board ,
in recommending or opposing a Variance , should carefully
scrutinize whether the Station ought to be sited there at
all , and what limiting parameters might be essential or wise
for the operation .
10 . The essential purpose of a gasoline service station ( with or
without repair facilities ) being to enable the motorist to
fuel his vehicle and resume his highway travel . A station
should be able to provide most things of immediate necessity
or aid to that end , without Special Permission or Variance .
ADOPTED RESOLUTION
® Town of Ithaca 3
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
And that automatic inclusion ought to include some fueling
and refreshing of driver and passengers ; as well as of the
vehicle itself .
The limitations -suggested by Mr . Barney , to " snack food
items , coffee , soda , cookies , cigarettes , and various type
convenience items generally used for immediate consumption
by the patron who has purchased gasoline products " might
well be sufficient to the task of deterring the use of the
station as a substitute grocery or drug store , newspaper and
magazine vending establishment , etc . - - thus limiting
station traffic in volume and duration . But consider also :
( a ) Items essential or merely helpful to enable the vehicle
to proceed on its journey would seem to include the following :
wiper blades , fuses , [ See 118 " above ]
( b ) AND custom dictates that it is now reasonable to expect
to be able to purchase items to aid the individual , such as :
candy , gum , cigarettes , kleenex , and colas and other soft drinks ,
coffee could also be included as helpful to restore alertness ,
aspirin and alka - seltzer would also be helpful . Cookies , ice
cream , crackers and other munchies might also add to the
enjoyment of the trip and even contribute to an avoidance of
drowsiness .
11 . Of primary importance to Planners and Zoners , it would seem ,
is/ are the goal ( s ) of minimizing dangerous congestion and
traffic flow into and out of service stations . The amount
of vehicular and pedestrian traffic expected at one site and
another may vary widely , depending upon the location of the
station . Expanding the number of goods for sale will surely
expand the frequency and intensity of traffic on the site ,
the time spent there , and the likelihood of extensive harm
and damage if a fire or explosion should take place there .
12 . To expand a station operation to include the sale of daily
newspapers , bread , canned goods , household items and other
staples and items commonly found in a convenience store ,
grocery store , drug store , magazine stand , video store , . and
other types of retail sales stores requires the exercise of
a great deal of caution - - for vehicle and pedestrian
traffic , congestion , and potential danger is thereby
invited . Newspapers invite daily stops , as does the
offering of other items .
ADOPTED RESOLUTION
® Town of Ithaca 4
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
13 . In the interests of promoting safety by minimizing or
optimizing vehicular traffic in and out of service stations ,
while yet not defeating the purpose of such stations , narrow
circumscription of the items that may be unquestionably sold
at gasoline service stations and repair garages , seems in
order in interpreting Section 35 of the Zoning Ordinance .
NOW , THEREFORE , BE IT RESOLVED , that this Board now decides that
the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance , Section 35 , permitting
gasoline service station and repair garages only in Business " D "
Zones , is to be interpreted to mean that .
A . The Zoning Ordinance and Section 35 in particular are not to
be interpreted to generally permit therein any primary or
accessory uses as are permitted in the other Business Zones ,
A , B , C , or E .
Be However , some retail sales from a station or garage should
be permitted in accordance with need and custom and the
purposes of such automotive service and repair facilities .
The essential purpose of a gasoline service station ( with or
® without repair facilities ) . being to enable the motorist to
fuel his vehicle and resume his highway travel , the Service
Station operator ought also be permitted to provide , as is
customary , most things of immediate necessity or aid to that
end , including some limited fueling and refreshing of
driver and passengers , as well as of the vehicle itself , but
the items offered for retail sale should be limited snack
food items , coffee , soda , cookies , cigarettes , and various
type convenience items generally used for immediate
consumption by the patron who has purchased gasoline
products .
But Service Stations and Garages should not be used as a
substitute grocery or drug store , newspaper and magazine
vending establishment , nor to engage in any other retail
sales which themselves invite vehicular or pedestrian
traffic and tend to increase station traffic in volume and
duration without correlation with the primary purpose of the
station - -viz . , to service motor vehicles .
AND BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED , that sale items to be generally
permitted include the following .
( a ) Items essential or merely helpful to enable the vehicle
to proceed on its journey could include the following . wiper
• blades , fuses , automotive utilities and supplies , such as tires ,
batteries , wiper blades , snow- brushes and ice scrapers , mud
flaps , anti - freeze ; windshield wash , and similar articles and
supplies .
ADORTED. RESOLUTION
Town of Ithaca 5
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
( b ) And custom dictates that it is now reasonable to expect
to be able to purchase items to aid the individual , such as .0
candy , gum , cigarettes , kleenex , and colas and other soft drinks ,
coffee could also be included as helpful to restore alertness ,
aspirin and alka - seltzer would also be helpful . Cookies , ice
cream , crackers and other munchies might also be reasonably sold
to the motorist who has just purchased gasoline or oil products
at the station - - such items being regarded as adding to the
enjoyment of the trip and perhaps contributing to an avoidance of
drowsiness .
( c ) Our general intent is that the offerings for retail
sale at a station or garage are to be generally so limited and
focused on the travelling motorist that people are discouraged
from daily or frequent shopping there , and particularly from
making purchases there unrelated to their vehicular travel or
irrespective of their having stopped primarily for vehicular
service needs .
( d ) Section 35 of the Ordinance is not to be interpreted
to expand a station operation to include the sale of items other
than referred to above such as daily newspapers , bread , canned
goods , household items and other staples and items commonly found
in a convenience store , grocery store , drug store , magazine
stand , video store , and other types of retail sales stores ,
irrespective of travelling needs and immediate consumption . No
item offered should itself be likely to significantly increase
vehicular or pedestrian traffic or congestion around the station
or in the immediate area .
Chairman Aron called for a voice vote in the above matter
which resulted as follows .
Mr . King - Aye
Mr . Hines - Aye
Mrs . Reuning - Aye
Mr . Aron - Aye
The motion was carried unanimously .
Chairman , Town of Ithaca
• Zoning Board of Appeals
��
Nancy .1.1 ,17 Fuller , Secretary to the
Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals .
December 5 , 19900
ADOPTED RESOLUTION
1
Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
Resolution offered by Mr . Edward King , seconded by . Mr . Robert
Hines .
IN THE MATTER OF THE INTERPRETATION OF ZONING ORDINANCE , SECTION
35 , ( re . permitted ACCESSORY uses in Business " D " Zones : gasoline
sales stations and repair garages ) , THE ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS
HEREBY .
ADOPTS AS FINDINGS THE FOLLOWING .
1 . Section 35 of the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance specifies
as the only permitted uses in the Business : " D " Zones to be
created thereunder , the operation of Gasoline Service
Stations and Automotive Repair Garages , while Section 31 ,
restricts the location of such Districts to prevent them in
R- 15 Residence Zones .
2 . Section 35 itself also provides that these Districts are
subject to the further restrictions of Section 71 , which
establishes special separation minimums - - applicable only
to gas stations and automotive repair garages , to keep
building and facilities back from street lines and residence
districts , and to limit the intrusion of these facilities
into the side yards and front yards of the Lot . And Section
35 issues the further warning that Business D facilities and
uses are also subject to the provisions of Section 54 of the
Ordinance - - which permits the extension of a non-conforming
building or use only upon authorization of the ZBA .
3 . Accessory Uses permitted in the Business Zones by Section 36
are limited to accessory storage buildings , parking , and
signs - - as far as they would seem to be applicable to a
Business D zone . No provisions for the Special Approval of
the ZBA ( with or without Planning Board approval of a site
plan ) appears to be provided in Article VII ( Sections 31 -
39 ] • but Section 39 and 46 - a of the Ordinance do call for
siteplan approval by the Planning Board for any building or
structure to be erected within any business district .
4 . Some 55 specified types of Business operations are specified
as permitted uses or operations in one or the other of the 3
Business Districts , in their delineation in Sections 32 - 34
of the Ordinance . Only Business " D " districts are limited
to but 2 specified uses .
. rwQPTF4D. RESOLUTION
Town of Ithaca 2
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
5 . It thus seems clear from the Ordinance itself that
businesses providing automotive gasoline , oil , care and
repair , were to be specially sited and specially controlled
by limitations . The inherent danger in the storage and
dispensing of volatile , flammable and explosive fuels , and
the high volume of traffic into them and out of them onto
streets or highways abutting , undoubtedly account in large
measure for the concern of the drafters in singling out
these businesses for special attention and restriction .
6 . Minimizing retail sales activities at most service stations
sites appears to be the general goal and thrust of our
Zoning Ordinance ,
7 . Yet there are undoubtedly some situations , places ,
facilities , where an expansion of such sales might be
desirable and safely implements , but the burden of
establishing need , desirability and safety ought to be
placed upon the proponent and subjected to careful scrutiny
via public hearings and board determinations - - site plans
and traffic impact studies being essential elements to be
considered in every determination .
8 . Note is also made of the fact that many or most service
stations in the area sell other automotive utilities and
supplies ( tires ; batteries , wiper blades ; snow-brushes and
ice scrapers , mud flaps ; anti - freeze ; windshield wash , etc .
etc . ) , as well as soda , cigarettes , candy , gum and snacks .
9 . One argument advanced for the specific enlargement of retail
sale opportunities at Business D facilities is that economic
necessity requires that a supplier of these essential items
for automotive fuels and repairs supplement the sales
generated at such a location by the sale of other products .
If that is true as a general proposition for all service
stations , it would seem that it should be established to the
satisfaction of the Town Board as a reason for expanding the
statement of permitted uses in Business D Zones in Section
35 . If in a particular situation only , the Planning Board ,
in recommending or opposing a Variance , should carefully
scrutinize whether the Station ought to be sited there at
all , and what limiting parameters might be essential or wise
for the operation .
10 . The essential purpose of a gasoline service station ( with or
without repair facilities ) being to enable the motorist to
fuel his vehicle and resume his highway travel . A station
should be able to provide most things of immediate necessity
or aid to that end , without Special Permission or Variance .
` ADOPTED RESOLUTION
Town of Ithaca 3
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
And that automatic inclusion ought to include some fueling
and refreshing of driver and passengers , as well as of the
vehicle itself .
The limitations -suggested by Mr . Barney , to " snack food
items , coffee , soda , cookies , cigarettes , and various type
convenience items generally used for immediate consumption
by the patron who has purchased gasoline products " might
well be sufficient to the task of deterring the use of the
station as a substitute grocery or drug store , newspaper and
magazine vending establishment , etc . - - thus limiting
station traffic in volume and duration . But consider also .
( a ) Items essential or merely helpful to enable the vehicle
to proceed on its journey would seem to include the following .
wiper blades , fuses , [ See 118 " above ]
( b ) AND custom dictates that it is now reasonable to expect
to be able to purchase items to aid the individual , such as :
candy , gum , cigarettes , kleenex , and colas and other soft drinks ,
coffee could also be included as helpful to restore alertness ,
® aspirin and alka - seltzer would also be helpful . Cookies , ice
cream , crackers and other munchies might also add to the .
enjoyment of the trip and even contribute to an avoidance of
drowsiness .
11 . Of primary importance to Planners and Zoners , it would seem ,
is/ are the goal ( s ) of minimizing dangerous congestion and
traffic flow into and out of service stations . The amount
of vehicular and pedestrian traffic expected at one site and
another may vary widely , depending upon the location of the
station . Expanding the number of goods for sale will surely
expand the frequency and intensity of traffic on the site ,
the time spent there , and the likelihood of extensive harm
and damage if a fire or explosion should take place there .
12 . To expand a station operation to include the sale of daily
newspapers , bread , canned goods , household items and other
staples and items commonly found in a convenience store ,
grocery store , drug store , magazine stand , video store , and
other types of retail sales stores requires the exercise of
a great deal of caution - - for vehicle and pedestrian
traffic , congestion , and potential danger is thereby
invited . Newspapers invite daily stops , as does the
offering of other items .
ADOPTED RESOLUTION
Town of Ithaca 4
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
13 . In the interests of promoting safety by minimizing or
optimizing vehicular traffic in and out of service stations ,
while yet not defeating the purpose of such stations , narrow
circumscription of the items that may be unquestionably sold
at gasoline service stations and repair garages , seems in
order in interpreting Section 35 of the Zoning Ordinance .
NOW , THEREFORE , BE IT RESOLVED , that this Board now decides that
the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance , Section 35 , permitting
gasoline service station and repair garages only in Business " D "
Zones , is to be interpreted to mean that :
A . The Zoning Ordinance and Section 35 in particular are not to
be interpreted to generally permit therein any primary or
accessory uses as are permitted in the other Business Zones ,
A , B , C , or E .
Be However , some retail sales from a station or garage should
be permitted in accordance with need and custom and the
purposes of such automotive service and repair facilities .
The essential purpose of a gasoline service station ( with or
• without repair facilities ) being to enable the motorist to
fuel his vehicle and resume his highway travel , the Service
Station operator ought also be permitted to provide , as is
customary , most things of immediate necessity or aid to that
end , including some limited fueling and refreshing of
driver and passengers , as well as of the vehicle itself ; but
the items offered for retail sale should be limited snack
food items , coffee , soda , cookies , cigarettes , and various
type convenience items generally used for immediate
consumption by the patron who has purchased gasoline
products .
But Service Stations and Garages should not be used as a
substitute grocery or drug store , newspaper and magazine
vending establishment , nor to engage in any other retail
sales which themselves invite vehicular or pedestrian
traffic and tend to increase station traffic in volume and
duration without correlation with the primary purpose of the
station - -viz . , to service motor vehicles .
AND BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED , that sale items to be generally
permitted include the following :
( a ) Items essential or merely helpful to enable the vehicle
to proceed on its journey could include the following : wiper
• blades , fuses , automotive utilities and supplies , such as tires ,
batteries , wiper blades ; snow -brushes and ice scrapers ; mud
flaps ; anti - freeze ; windshield wash , and similar articles and
supplies .
I
ADOPTED. RUE 0 UTION
Town of Ithaca 5
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
( b ) And custom dictates that it is now reasonable to expect
to be able to purchase items to aid the individual , such as :
candy , gum , cigarettes , kleenex , and colas and other soft drinks ,
coffee could also be included as helpful to restore alertness ,
aspirin and alka - seltzer would also be helpful . Cookies , ice
cream , crackers and other munchies might also be reasonably sold
to the motorist who has just purchased gasoline or oil products
at the station - - such items being regarded as adding to the
enjoyment of the trip and perhaps contributing to an avoidance of
drowsiness .
( c ) Our general intent is that the offerings for retail
sale at a station or garage are to be generally so limited and
focused on the travelling motorist that people are discouraged
from daily or frequent shopping there , and particularly from
making purchases there unrelated to their vehicular travel or
irrespective of their having stopped primarily for vehicular
service needs .
( d ) Section 35 of the Ordinance is not to be interpreted
to expand a station operation to include the sale of items other
than referred to above such as daily newspapers , bread , canned
goods , household items and other staples and items commonly found
in a convenience store , grocery store , drug store , magazine
stand , video store , and other types of retail sales stores ,
irrespective of travelling needs and immediate consumption . No
item offered should itself be likely to significantly increase
vehicular or pedestrian traffic or congestion around the station
or in the immediate area .
Chairman Aron called for a voice vote in the above matter
which resulted as follows :
Mr . King - Aye
Mr . Hines - Aye
Mrs . Reuning - Aye
Mr . Aron - Aye
The motion was carried unanimously .
Chairman , Town of Ithaca
Zoning Board of Appeals
Nancy .M Fuller , Secretary to the
Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals .
December 5 , 19909
ADOPTED RESOLUTION
Town of Ithaca
Zoning Board of Appeals
November 28 , 1990
Mr . Hines offered a resolution which was seconded by Mr .
King as follows :
WHEREAS , Section 35 of the Town of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance
was enacted at a time when the market structure of gasoline sales
and service was substantially different than it is at present ,
and
WHEREAS , gasoline sales facilities in and about the County
of Tompkins customarily and as part of their regular business
activities sell a variety of snack foods and drinks and related
convenience items for the travelling public , and
WHEREAS , the Board of Zoning Appeals has been called upon to
interpret the meaning of gasoline service stations and the Board
of Zoning Appeals has interpreted that noun to include activities
relating to retail sales of items of convenience for the
travelling public , and
WHEREAS , the Board of Zoning Appeals feels that the matter
should properly be addressed by the Town Board with the prospect
of drafting a more comprehensive definition of gasoline sales or
service stations , now therefore be it
RESOLVED , that the Board of Zoning Appeals of the Town of
Ithaca does recommend to the Town Board of the Town of Ithaca ,
the Planning Board of the Town of Ithaca and the Planning staff
of the Town of Ithaca they consider an amendment t ;the Zoning
Ordinance of the Town of Ithaca amplifying or r fining the
meaning of the term " gasoline sales station " .
_ f?
Dated : November 28 , 1990 /
Ithaca , New York HENRY ARON , Chairman
Chairman Aron called for a voice vote on the above
resolution which resulted as follows :
Mr . Hines - Aye
Mr . King - Aye
Mrs . Reuning - Aye
Mr . Aron - Aye
The motion was carried unanimously .
® Connie J . Holcomb
Recording Secretary
Nanby M . uller , Secretary to the
Town of Ithaca Zoning Board of Appeals .
December 5 , 1990 .
AFFIDAVIT OFPUBLICATION
TOWN OF fTHACA .ZONING
THE
'11HACA JOURNAL
BOARD . , APPEALS !' _'NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS '
WEDNESDAY, NOV. 28, - 1990, .)
7 :00 P. M. I, ,
B direcnm
on ' of the Chairan i
.of the Zoning Board of Ap-. t
State of New York , Tompkins County , ss . : peals NOTICE IS '- HEREBY
GIVEN that Public Hearings.i
will be held by the. ,Zoningl
Gail Stillins being duly sworn , deposes and Ba, ofltrd of appeals of the T,, -'
says . that she/he resides in Ithaca , county and state af0resald and that vember . 28. 1990; . in Town
Holl , 126 East Seneca Streei,-
Clerk (FIRST Floor , REAR Enfronce,'
Sheltie is WEST Side ), Ithaca , N . Y.".
COMMENCING AT - 7 :00 P. M. '•
on the following matters.
of The Ithaca Journal a public newspaper printed and published in APPEAL of Samir Hanna . Ap'
pellont, re6esting vornances, �
Ithaca aforesaid , and that a notice , of which the annexed is a true from the requuirements of Arti= 1
cle IV, Section , 11 , Parag raph
copy , was published in said paper 10 ( building height )_ and Artj�a
cle IV, Section 14 (front ,yard u
building setback )', of the ,Town;,,
of Ithaca Zoning Ordinance;,.•;.
for the proposed construction'
of a single-family residence to -'
be located at 8 Winner's Cir
cle, Town of Ithaca Tax Parcel:;
No. 6-58- 1 -8. 4, Residence Dis-
trict R- 15. The residential`
structure proposed has an ex- .i
teeet n
Ond that the first publication of said notice was on the d-'3 em building height of * 32
fine inches, 30 feet being '
the maximum height per-
day of �� C ��� y l 9 �� mitted, and a front yord build-'
ing setback- of . 22. 1 feet, -25
feet being required.
- ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING
(adjourned from October 10
and November 14, 1990), un-
der Article XIV, Section 77, of
the Town of Ithaca Zoning Or-
dinance , for an interpretation
Subscribed and sworn to before me , this « day by the Board of Appeals of Ar-
/Z title VII , Section 35, ' of said
Ot 19 Ordinance Ordinance to determine if any
uses permitted in Business Dis-
tricts emit din and Ines may
be permitted in a Business Dis-
trict "D", and further, to deter-
mine what sales/uses may be
customarily encompassed
Notary Public . within a gasoline sales sta-
tion .
JEAN FORD Said Zoning Board of Appeals
will at said time, 7 :00 p. m. ,
Notary Public Si? f and said place , hear all per-,
e of New York sons in support of such matters
X10 46544 � � or objections thereto. ' Persons
may appear by agent or in.
Qualified in Tcfnp,klns County� person.
ry� tt� [� (///� Andrew S. Frost
COfI' MISSion expires May 31, 17, ,; l Building Inspector/Zoning
Enforcement Officer
Town of Ithaca
273- 1747
November 23, 1990
•