HomeMy WebLinkAbout01-1 Groton 1 Project Summary Prelim draft V1 Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 1
Project Summary
February 9, 2024
Preliminary Draft
5 MWac SOLAR FACILITY
South Main Street #1
Groton, NY 13073
Prepared for:
Town of Groton Planning Board
Prepared by:
NY Groton I (South Main Street), LLC
P.O. Box 384
Callicoon NY, 12783 MSM4204 – V1
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 2
Content
Content 2
LIST OF FIGURES 4
LIST OF TABLES 4
ACRONYMS 4
PROJECT INFORMATION 5
INTRODUCTION 6
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PROJECT SUMMARY IS PRELIMINARY AND NOT
INTENDED TO DESCRIBE ALL RELEVANT PROJECT INFORMATION AND IS QUALIFIED IN ITS
ENTIRETY BY THE PROJECT OWNER’S FINAL APPLICATION AND SITE PLANS APPROVED BY THE
TOWN DURING THE TOWN’S REVIEW PROCESS. ......................................................................................... 7
1.1. Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2. Estimated Construction Schedule ...................................................................................................... 8
2.0. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8
2.1. Project Site and Control ......................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. General Overview of Solar Facility .................................................................................................. 10
2.3. Acreage and General Dimensions of the Project Site ............................................................... 11
2.4. Solar Facility ........................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.1. Summary of Project Components ................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.2. Solar Modules ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.3. Supporting Structures ......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5. Inverter and Transformer Station (MV Station) ........................................................................ 14 2.5.1. Inverter ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.2. Transformer ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.6. Electrical Installation........................................................................................................................... 16 2.6.1. DC Electric Switchboards ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.6.2. Wiring ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17 2.6.3. Grounding ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.7. Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................... 18
2.8. Mid Voltage Connection ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.8.1. Mid Voltage Interconnection Line .................................................................................................................. 19 2.8.2. Point of Common Coupling (PCC) ................................................................................................................... 20
2.9. Operation and Maintenance .............................................................................................................. 21
2.10. Site Security ............................................................................................................................................. 23
2.11. Temporary Construction .................................................................................................................... 23
2.12. Water Uses and Sources ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.13. Erosion Control and Storm Water Drainage ................................................................................ 24
2.14. Vegetation Treatment and Management ...................................................................................... 24
2.15. Waste Materials Management .......................................................................................................... 24 2.15.1. Construction Waste Management................................................................................................................ 24 2.15.2. Operations Waste Management ................................................................................................................... 25
2.17. Health and Safety................................................................................................................................... 25
3.0. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SOLAR FACILITY 25
3.1. Solar Field Design, Layout, Installation and Construction Processes ................................ 26
3.2. Access and Transportation System, Component Delivery, Worker Access ...................... 26
3.3. Construction Work Force Numbers, Vehicles, Equipment, Timeframes ........................... 27
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 3
3.4. Site Preparation, Surveying and Staking ...................................................................................... 27
3.5. Site Preparation and Vegetation Removal ................................................................................... 28
3.6. Solar Facility Construction ................................................................................................................ 28
3.7. Project Construction ............................................................................................................................ 28
3.8. Gravel Needs and Sources .................................................................................................................. 28
3.9. Electrical Construction Activities .................................................................................................... 28
3.10. Interconnection Line Construction Sequence ............................................................................. 28
4.0. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 29
4.1. Description of Project Site and Potential Environmental Issues ......................................... 29 4.1.1. Special or Sensitive Species and Habitats .......................................................................................... 29 4.1.2. Visual ................................................................................................................................................................. 29 4.1.3. Glare ................................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.4. Storm Water Drainage................................................................................................................................ 35 4.1.4.1 Storm Water Drainage off Modules ......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.4.2 Vegetation under Modules........................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.5. Noise .................................................................................................................................................................. 37 Trackers are proposed for the Solar Facility, which will move slowly following the sun. This tracker movement is slow and will not create any perceptible noise. ........................................................................ 37 4.1.6. Dust and Waste ............................................................................................................................................. 37 4.1.7. Safety ................................................................................................................................................................. 38 4.1.8. Impacts During Construction .................................................................................................................. 38 4.1.9. Cultural and Historic Resource Sites and Values ............................................................................ 38 4.1.10 Solar Facilities Classified as Non-Hazardous Materials................................................................ 38 4.1.11 Decommissioning Plan ............................................................................................................................... 40 4.1.12. Other Environmental Considerations .................................................................................................. 42 5.0. Appendix 1 – NYSDEC and NYNHP Communication 38
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1a Project Location
Figure 1b Access Point
Figure 2 Diagram of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Plant
Figure 3a Supporting Structure Overview (Tracker)
Figure 3b Supporting Structure Overview (Fixed-Tilt)
Figure 4 Inverter (Example)
Figure 5 “All-in-one” LV Cabinet, Inverter, & Transformer Station
Figure 6 Combined EGC/GEC grounding routing Solar Facility
Figure 7 Highlights of Solar Facility Maintenance
Figure 8 Fencing
Figure 9 Project Site Layout
Figure 10 Nearby Residences / Buildings
Figure 11 Module Spacing Gaps
Figure 12 Array Spacing
Figure 13 Module Composition
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Gantt’s Diagram
Table 2 Reference Project Information
Table 3 PCC Configuration Summary
Table 4 Waste and hazardous materials management
Table 5 Typical construction estimated personnel and equipment required
Table 6 Solar Radiation through Glazing Material
Table 7 Common Reflective Surfaces
Table 8 Anti-Reflective Coating
Table 9 Material Reflectivity
ACRONYMS
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
kV Kilovolt
MW Megawatt
PV Photovoltaic
roHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 5
Project Information
Project Owner: NY Groton I (South Main Street), LLC
Property Owner: John Young/3105 N Triphammer Road Suite 1 Lansing
NY 14850
Property Address: North Side of South Main Street near 801 S. Main Street
Town: Town of Groton, Tompkins County, New York
Utility: New York State Electric & Gas
Solar Law: Section 367 Energy Production - Large-Scale
Property: 102.2 acre parcel, Tax ID: 26-1-25.22
Project Site: 28 acres of undeveloped land
Maximum Array Height: Average <12 feet in height
Access point: East of 801 South Main Street
Construction Schedule: Six months from building permit
Community Solar Program: Discount utility rate program
Building Code: New York State Uniform Fire Prevention
Energy Code: New York State Energy Conservation Code
Substation Circuit 4303701
Solar Facility: 5MWac 5.8 MWdc
Table 2
Solar Facility (perimeter fence): 22.47 acres
Modules Covered Area: 5.8 acres
Inverter Station Covered Area: .02 acres
Interconnection Line (Permanent)
Covered Area:
.12 acres
Site Coverage: 22%
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 6
INTRODUCTION
Project Owner has prepared this project summary for the proposed development, installation, and operation
of a solar photovoltaic electrical energy generation facility (“Solar Facility”) including an interconnection
line to interconnect the Solar Facility to the Utility electrical grid. The proposed Solar Facility and
Interconnection Line are referred to collectively as the Project.
This Project is being submitted to the Town as part of the application with respect to the special use permit
and site plan review by the Town as set forth in the Code of the Town’s Solar Law. The Solar Facility is
considered Energy Production - Large-Scale Solar Energy System.
The proposed site for the Solar Facility Project Site is on land within the Property. Lot Coverage was
calculated by total impervious surface coverage which includes the surface area of panel, access road, inverter
pads and drainage swales as a percentage of the area of the Solar Facility Project Site. The Property is located
east of 801 South Main Street within the jurisdiction of the Town.
The connection of the Solar Facility to the Utility electrical grid, including the specific interconnection
equipment, is pursuant to a standard Interconnection Agreement executed between the Project Owner and
Utility. The Solar Facility will have a total generation capacity of not more than 5.0 MW AC. The generation
capacity will be limited by the final site plan approved by the Town.
Energy generated from the Solar Facility will be distributed to the Utility for use by the Utility’s customers
and directly benefit customers enrolled in a Community Solar Program provided by or on behalf of the Project
Owner. The objective of the Community Solar Program is to offer electricity at a discount to the Utility’s
rate. The Project Owner’s goal is to provide residences and businesses in the Town with the opportunity to
enroll in a Community Solar Program.
The Solar Facility design will adhere to technical and environmental requirements in accordance with current
federal state and Town laws, including all applicable codes, regulations, and industry standards as referenced
in the and Building Code, the Energy Code, and the Solar Law.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 7
Key Attributes of the Project Include:
• Direct conversion of sunlight to electricity without generation of waste materials.
• Solar power generated producing no carbon emissions or air pollutants.
• Minimal ambient noise generated during solar power generation, no nighttime noise.
• Minimal traffic disturbance during Project operational lifespan.
• No use of public water utilities.
• Uniform Array Height with minimal visual effects
• Non-array structures approximately 8 feet in height to minimize visual effects.
• Existing vegetation around the Project Site will minimize visual effects.
• Modules secured using a racking system minimizing ground grading and ground disturbance.
This Project Summary includes general descriptions of and guidelines for design, construction, operation,
maintenance, and decommissioning of the Project. Design, construction, operation, maintenance, and
decommissioning of the Project will meet or exceed the requirements of the National Electrical Safety Code
and U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Standards, as well as Town requirements for
the safety and protection of landowners and Property. Project Owner may submit additional
materials/documents regarding the above containing more detail (including a separate Decommissioning Plan
and Operations and Maintenance Plan).
The Project Owner has compiled this Project Summary to the best of its knowledge, based upon currently
available information. Certain additional reports, such as topography, geotechnical, and environmental, have
been completed.
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PROJECT SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED TO
DESCRIBE ALL RELEVANT PROJECT INFORMATION AND IS QUALIFIED IN ITS
ENTIRETY BY THE PROJECT OWNER’S FINAL APPLICATION AND SITE PLANS
APPROVED BY THE TOWN DURING THE TOWN’S REVIEW PROCESS.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 8
1.1. Purpose
Provide a cost-effective source of renewable solar electricity. Additional objectives include:
• Develop a solar generation facility that is feasible, quick to construct and easy to operate while
providing the Utility and its customers with a cost-effective, cleaner energy alternative.
• Establish emission-free solar electricity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions while avoiding,
minimizing, and mitigating the impacts to the environment.
• Generate electricity without local utility needs.
• Provide other important economic and environmental benefits to the Utility and the Town, including
improving local air quality and public health, developing local energy sources, promoting local jobs,
and diversifying the energy supply.
• Contribute to the State of New York renewable energy goals.
Based on historical information, the average energy usage for a standard home is 10,000 kWh/year. The
proposed Solar Facility would generate approximately 8,760,000 kWh/year, equivalent to the electricity
consumption of 876 homes. The Project Owner’s goal is to provide residents and businesses in the Town the
opportunity to enroll in a Community Solar Program.
1.2. Estimated Construction Schedule
Construction of the Project is estimated to take approximately 6 months to complete. An example timeline is
below:
Table 1. Gantt’s Diagram
2.0. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1. Project Site and Control
Selection of the Project Site over other locations is based on several site criteria including:
• Contiguous site with suitable topography of adequate size to host the Solar Facility.
• Proximity to existing Utility electrical grid.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 9
• Availability, lease agreement with current or future landowner.
• Avoiding sensitive areas, such as rivers, lakes, etc.
• Minimizing visual impact by utilizing the topography and existing vegetation on the property.
• Good highway access for construction, operation, and maintenance activities.
The Project Site will be leased from the Property Owner and is part of the Property defined above and is
owned by, or will be, purchased by the Property Owner.
The proposed Project Site is located on the Property (See Figure 1a and the Property parcel). Property
location is the blue border and the project site is the black border. Project Site access will be from the Access
Point (see Figure 1b).
Figure 1a. Property Location
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 10
Figure 1b. Access Point
2.2. General Overview of Solar Facility
A grid-connected photovoltaic (“PV”) power system is an electricity generating solar system that is
connected to the Utility electrical grid. A grid-connected system consists of solar modules one or
more inverters, a power conditioning unit and grid connection equipment. The proposed installation is
composed of a field of photovoltaic generators (See Figure 2).
The Solar Facility is composed of monocrystalline photovoltaic modules. Modules are electrically
interconnected in series of strings and can be mounted on racking that can either 1) track the path of the sun
or 2) is fixed at orientation and tilt angle.
To collect all DC output, an inverter station and step-up power transformer will be interconnected,
conditioning the electric parameters for feeding energy to the Utility electric distribution network. Power
generated from the modules will be transferred via shielded cables within underground conduits to switch
gear which forms part of the main power generation facility.
The modules are electrically protected, and above-grade wires are both shielded and secured to avoid
exposure or accidental contact. All necessary protections for this type of facility and supporting structures
for photovoltaic modules are included.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 11
Figure 2. Diagram of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Facility
2.3. Acreage and General Dimensions of the Project Site
The Property is owned by the Property Owner, and the Project Site is a part of the Property. Lot Coverage is
based on total impervious surface area including the panels, access roads, inverter pads, and drainage swales
occupying the land as a percentage of the Project Site. The Interconnection Line assumes a maximum of 20
ft of temporary, and 2 ft. permanent wide trench.
2.4. Solar Facility
The following sections describe the major components of the Solar Facility. Selected manufacturers are
not indicated as equipment selection may change during the design and permitting process due to market
and economic conditions. The final selected equipment is expected to be substantially similar to those
proposed.
2.4.1. Summary of Project Components
Supporting structures are set considering economic, technical and land conditions for the modules to capture
the most amount of solar radiation and obtain the best solar yield possible. The arrays are distributed into
rows and consider surrounding shadings in the array design. There are open corridors between the rows of
modules to perform construction and allow maintenance. The inverter station, which contains the
transformer, will connect the Solar Facility to the existing Utility distribution network.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 12
2.4.2. Solar Modules
The module manufacturer will depend on the availability of the modules during the procurement period.
Manufacturer equipment specification sheets will be provided to the Town along with the Project’s building
permit application. The solar modules will meet New York’s Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code
Standards. Expected minimum requirements of the modules are:
• Conform with IEC 61215, IEC 61730, IEC
61701, UL 61730 Solar Project Standards and
other certificates.
• Project Standards and other certificates.
• High Module Conversion Efficiencies
• Dimensions 2384x1096x35mm
• Cell type: Monocrystalline
• Maximum System Voltage: 1500 Vdc (UL)
• Efficiency up to 21 %
• 30 years power output warranty
• Electrical Characteristics STC
• Values at Standard Test Conditions STC (Air
Mass AM1.5, Irradiance 1000W/m2, Cell
Temperature 25º)
2.4.3. Supporting Structures
Evaluation of the structural design of support for the modules shall account for permanent loads, snow and
wind loads, seismic conditions, structural calculation and foundations, module sizing, control of connections,
geotechnical analysis and effects of temperature changes in accordance with applicable law and Building
Code.
The metal supporting bases for modules shall be hot dip galvanized steel components with a minimum
average thickness of 70μm as ISO/EN 1461 or equivalent or by an appropriate anodized aluminum of heavy-
duty type and alloy for the better anti-corrosion protection of the construction. All connections including
bolts/nuts, shall be of A2 stainless steel or compliant with other industry standard practices appropriate for
the application defined.
To minimize ground disturbance, the supporting bases will be pile driven into the ground, considering the
results of a geotechnical study. Following are several examples of the potential support structure considered
for the Project.
Tracker Racking in Stowed Position:
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Figure 3a. Supporting Structure Overview (Tracker)
Key points of the Supporting Structure:
• Portrait mounting
• Mono-post anchored to the ground
• All connections bolted without welding.
• One tie bar and a crossbar in which the straps
are supported
The module height above ground once attached to the tracker racking, is expected to be approximately 3 feet
at the low-end with minimal visual effects at the Maximum Array Height.
Fixed-Tilt Racking:
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 14
Figure 3b. Supporting Structure Overview
In the case of fixed-tilt racking, the module height above ground once attached to the racking, is expected to
be approximately 3 feet at the low-end and have visual effects at the Maximum Array Height.
2.5. Inverter and Transformer Station (“MV Station”)
The MV Station is inside a standard-sized outdoor container protected with weather-proof material to NEMA
4X protection degree and houses an inverter, transformer, power distribution and monitoring unit. The MV
Station converts DC current generated from the PV array into grid-compatible AC current, which can be
directly fed into the medium voltage grid.
2.5.1. Inverter
The inverter, part of a MV Station, shall meet at least the following requirements, international standards and
tested by:
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 15
• UL 1741, UL 1741 SA • IEEE 1547 • Rule 21 • NEC Code
DC load break switches and AC circuit breakers are provided on the inverter.
The DC cabinet of the inverter is shown in the following figure:
Figure 4. Inverter (Example)
No. Name Description
A AC maintenance switch Disconnect the switch before maintaining AC cabinet
components.
B QS1, DC load break switch 1 Disconnect the switch before maintaining AC cabinet
components.
C QS2, DC load break switch 2 Connect/disconnect the DC side of the unit 2.
D Fuse ---
E DC connection
area
The upper part of the copper bar is for positive cable
connection area while the lower part is for negative
cable connection.
F DC maintenance
switch
Disconnect the switch before maintaining DC cabinet
components.
2.5.2. Transformer
The transformer, part of a MV Station, is designed for installation at medium and large-scale utility solar
facilities. Critical power connections are completed and tested in a factory environment and the pre-tested
unit is shipped to the field ready for the final field connections. Factory manufactured MV Stations reduce
installation and commissioning time. The all-in-one solution simplifies the installation, saves space and the
visual impact is lower than other configuration options.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 16
Figure 5. “All-in-one” LV Cabinet, Inverter, & Transformer Station
2.6. Electrical Installation
This section contains the remainder of the electrical devices required in the Solar Facility.
2.6.1. DC Electric Switchboards
Within each array, strings of modules are to be combined in parallel in a combiner box with a protection
rating of NEMA 3R or above. The combiner boxes will have at least the following characteristics:
• Suitable for outdoor installation
• Designed for UV resistance
• Protection isolation
• Grounding copper tape
• Anti-condensation filter
• Mounting lugs and required nuts and bolts
for installation
• Self-extinguishing and halogen-free
materials
• Cable glands for output DC cable (up to
4x1x300mm² Al XLPE cable; defined per
project) and signaling cable input & output
• Cable glands for communication cable and
grounding cable
• DC fuse in negative pole per string
• Coverage of electrical items with methacrylate
plate
• Disconnecting isolators 1500VDC must
comply with applicable standards
• Fitted with surge protection Device, 3pole,
1500Vdc, 40kA
• Fully labeled and color-coded wiring (as per
project all strings)
• Appropriate number of string inputs and
associated fuse sizing
• In case of armored cable, glands have to be able
to earth the aluminum armor
Operational ambient conditions are to be as follows:
• Temperature:77.0°F to + 10.0 °F • Relative humidity: 15 to 95 %
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 17
2.6.2. Wiring
Two types of wiring will be required in the Project, from modules to DC Box, and from DC Box to the
general DC Disconnect Switch. Cables will meet the requirements of UL standard 4703, appropriate for
solar photovoltaic applications.
Wiring will consist of single conductor, sunlight-resistant, direct burial photovoltaic wire, 2000 V for
interconnection wiring of grounded and ungrounded photovoltaic power systems with the following features:
• Rated 90°C wet and dry
• Rated for direct burial
• Deformation-resistant at high temperatures
• Excellent moisture resistance, exceeds UL 44
• Stable electrical properties over a broad
temperature range
• Increased flexibility
• Excellent resistance to crush and compression cuts
• Resistant to most oils and chemicals
• UV/sunlight-resistant
• Meets cold bend and cold impact tests at -40°C
2.6.3. Grounding
Metal enclosures containing electrical conductors or other electrical components may become energized as
a result of insulation or mechanical failures. Energized metal surfaces, including the metal frames of modules,
can present electrical shock and fire hazards.
By properly bonding exposed metal surfaces together and to the earth, the potential difference between earth
and the conductive surface during a fault condition is reduced to near zero, reducing electric shock potential.
The proper bonding to earth by the equipment grounding system is essential, because most of the environment
(including most conductive surfaces and the earth itself) is at earth potential. The conductors used to bond
the various exposed metal surfaces together are known as equipment grounding conductors (“EGC”).
The metallic device used to make contact with the earth is the grounding electrode. The conductor that
connects the central grounding point (where the equipment grounding system is connected to the grounded
circuit conductor on grounded systems) and a grounding electrode that is in contact with the earth is known
as the grounding electrode conductor (“GEC”).
Combined Direct-Current Grounding-Electrode Conductor and Alternating-Current Equipment Grounding
Conductor: An unspliced, or irreversibly spliced, combined grounding conductor shall be run from the
marked DC grounding electrode conductor connection point along with the AC circuit conductors to the
grounding busbar in the associated ac equipment. See Figure 6.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 18
Figure 6. Combined EGC/GEC grounding routing Solar Facility
2.7. Monitoring
Sensors include:
• Combiner Box temperature
• Ambient temperature
• Solar irradiation
• Wind speed
• Panel temperature
All sensors such as the weather station and pyranometers must use dedicated MODBUS Channels for the
collection of measurements. The MODBUS channels cannot exceed a maximum of 16 devices
(pyranometers, temperature sensors, wind sensors, weather stations) with no other devices such as string
monitors, inverters or relays are to be connected to the dedicated MODBUS channel for the weather sensors
and pyrometer. All data sent to the Industrial PC (Supervisor software) must be received using MODBUS
TCP protocol.
The monitoring system considered is centralized. This becomes possible by using the Inverter Station as a
core data collection through a basic set of equipment. It is first necessary to obtain the values of the different
variables to monitor. The monitoring system can monitor the AC installation and the DC installation (panels).
For monitoring smaller parts of the DC installation at the inverter level there are more Combiner Boxes of
lesser strings.
The best way to capture inverter information is using a system to provide communication with a PC. The
inverter’s own hardware is used for measurement, (hardware that is already included with the central
inverter). The price of a centralized monitoring system is usually lower than other solutions. Measuring
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switchboards have the advantage that they can monitor multiple system parameters, such as level of
harmonics, phase equilibrium, etc.
The inverter station is a central monitoring system of the Solar Facility with these features:
• Grid visualization
• Generator visualization
• Inverter visualization
• Clearly visible external warning
signals concerning voltage at the base
of pad-mounted transformer and
substation
• Registers
• Fault history visualization
• Warning history visualization
• Status visualization
• Internal debug
• * SI visualization menu
2.8. Mid Voltage Connection
The Solar Facility will satisfy the Utility technical interconnection requirements in order to work in parallel
with the Utility distribution system. The Project will meet the following requirements:
Voltage response range
Frequency response range
• Inverters certified
• Protective function requirements
• Metering
• Operating requirements
Dedicated transformer
Disconnect switch
Power quality
Power factor
Islanding
Equipment certification
Verification testing
Interconnection inventory
2.8.1. Mid Voltage Interconnection Line
The proposed Interconnection Lines would be designed for 12.5 kV three-phase Wye-grounded (three
conductors) circuits. The Interconnection Line will connect the transformer to the existing electrical grid on
South Main Street on the Substation Circuit Peruville tap connecting to the Utility substation bank. The
Interconnection Line will be underground until required by the Utility to interconnect to the Utility electrical
grid.
The Interconnection Line will be installed in underground conduit. The conductor will be rated at 15 kV,
backfilled with select and native backfill, and compacted. The main characteristics of the wire are:
• EPR/Copper Tape Shield with overall LSZH
• Conductor 1350 Aluminum Compact Class B
strand
• Three conductor and grounding wire in contact
with metallic shielding cape
• Medium-Voltage Power
• Shielded 15 kV
• For use in aerial, conduit, open tray and
underground duct installations
• Electrical stability under stress
• Chemical-resistant
• Meets cold bend test at -35˚C
• 105°C rating for continuous operation
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• UL Type MV-105, 133%
• Ins. Level, 220 Mils
• Rated at 105˚C
• Excellent heat and moisture resistance
• Excellent flame resistance
• Flexibility for easy handling
• Low friction for easy pulling
• 140°C rating for emergency overload
conditions
• 250°C rating for short circuit conditions
• RoHS Compliant
• According to National Electrical Code
(NEC), UL 1072 and more compliances
2.8.2. Point of Common Coupling (“PCC”)
The PCC is the point where the Project interconnects with the electric Utility grid.
Table 3. PCC Configuration Summary
Line Voltage at PCC (kV) 13.2
PCC Line Type 3 phase
PCC Line Configuration Wye-Wye
2.8.3. AC Generator Disconnect Switch
In order to isolate and protect the Solar Facility from the Utility electrical grid, a load break disconnecting
switch is necessary. The 3-phase disconnect switch located between the generating equipment and
interconnection at the PCC, must be manual, visible, lockable and gang-operated. The Project Owner will
have 24-hour/7-day unlimited access and control of this isolation switch.
The disconnect switch must be rated for the voltage and current requirements of the installation.
Disconnecting means shall be rated to interrupt the maximum generator output; meet applicable Underwriters
Laboratories (UL), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering (IEEE) standards; and shall be installed to meet the NEC and all applicable local, state, and
federal codes. It will be clearly marked with permanent larger letters: “Generator Disconnect Switch”.
In accordance with the Project Owner's safety rules and practices, this isolation device must be used to
establish a visually open, working clearance boundary when performing maintenance and repair work. The
designated generator disconnect also must be accessible and lockable in the open position and have provisions
for both Project Owner and Utility padlocks and be capable of being tagged and grounded on the Project
Owner side by Project Owner personnel.
The visible generator disconnect switch shall be a gang-operated, blade-type switch (knife switch) meeting
the requirements of the NEC and nationally recognized product standards. Installation will also require a
recloser with remote control and data access to be installed to:
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• Monitor voltage current
• Provide for remote disconnect
• Act as a Utility controlled redundant protection system
2.9. Operation and Maintenance
A separate “stand alone” Operations and Maintenance Plan (“O&M Plan”) has been submitted to the Town
as part of the application for a special use permit and site plan approval. The O&M Plan is submitted
separately for ease of tracking the Solar Law requirements.
The following is a summary of general operation and maintenance activities:
During operation, maintenance activities will focus on the scheduled preventive maintenance and repairs of
the solar generating equipment. The maintenance and repair of Project components is expected to be
coordinated through monitoring, on-site inspections, and technical support from the various warranty services
provided by the equipment manufacturers. Unsafe, inoperable, and/or abandoned equipment, shall be
removed by the Project Owner.
The Solar Facility will operate 7 days per week, generating electricity during daylight hours. Preventive
maintenance activities will occur during normal working hours, generally twice per year, with the occasional
need to conduct corrective maintenance to certain equipment or facilities during non-scheduled or weekend
hours.
The solar generating equipment will be continuously monitored and controlled from a central control room
during normal working hours with 24-hour monitoring from a remote source. The generation units, auxiliary
systems and balance of the Solar Facility will be connected to a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
system (“SCADA”).
Standard maintenance for the Solar Facility will include:
• Modules Cleaning: Module cleaning will be performed during preventive maintenance visits on an
as-needed basis following extraordinary snowstorms. Module cleaning does not involve use of
chemicals.
• Scheduled Project Maintenance: There will be the need to periodically inspect the modules (snow,
ice, grass, vegetation) and make necessary alignment adjustments (i.e. tighten fasteners) or replace
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 22
damaged modules to prevent breakdowns and production losses. Project components will go through
maintenance checklist once or twice per year.
The checklist shall include such items as:
o Checking wire connections
o Testing voltage/current
o Inspecting components for moisture
o Confirming settings on the inverter
o Transformer maintenance
o Resealing of system components
• Corrective Maintenance: Corrective maintenance will occasionally be required due to uncontrollable
circumstances such as severe weather or premature failure of components. These unscheduled repairs
will be undertaken in a manner to minimize impacts to the continued operation of the Solar Facility.
• Monitoring Management: uses real-time data to oversee Project parameters.
Figure 7. Highlights of the Solar Facility Maintenance
Typical equipment required to support operation and maintenance of the Solar Facility includes:
• Cleaning systems
• Standard electrical tools
• Building support systems
• Transport vehicles (pick-up truck, ATV, etc.)
• Standard mechanists tools
Project Site Maintenance: Frequency of site visits shall be determined based on season (more in summer, less
in winter), but no less than quarterly to monitor vegetation. Any required corrective actions will be taken as
soon as practical or warranted by the circumstances. Typical activities include:
• Visually inspect and report on all fencing for signs of damage, intrusion, and overgrowth of
vegetation.
• Inspect signage to ensure all originally installed signs are present and legible.
• Maintenance of access road, including snow removal as needed.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 23
• Vegetation may need to be trimmed or cut back to avoid shading of the solar modules. Shading
inspections will be done semi-annually, and trimming will occur as needed. This would include
ground cover, existing vegetation, and screening vegetation. Ground cover will be either mowed, as
needed, or sheep may be utilized to graze the array area.
• Adherence to any Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan practices, if any
2.10. Site Security
Limiting access to the Project Site to non-authorized personnel is necessary both to ensure the safety of the
public and to protect equipment from potential theft and vandalism.
The perimeter of the Solar Facility will be fenced with an approximately eight-foot-high fence to facilitate
Project and equipment security (see Figure 8 for proposed fencing type). Surveillance methods such as
security cameras or motion detectors may be installed at locations along the Project Site boundary. There is
no lighting proposed on the Project Site. Warning signs with the Project Owner’s phone number will appear
on signs placed at the entrance and perimeter of the of the Solar Facility.
Figure 8. Fencing
2.11. Temporary Construction
Temporary construction staging areas are required for temporary construction offices, construction parking,
material laydown and storage areas, an equipment assembly area, and portable toilet facilities. These areas
will be located on the Project Site and used throughout the Project construction period and then
decommissioned. The exact location of the temporary construction staging areas will be defined in the
drawings.
Graded all-weather roads may be required in selected locations on the Project Site during construction to
bring equipment and materials from the staging areas to the construction work areas. These roads may not be
decommissioned after construction and may be utilized for long-term Project operation and maintenance.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 24
2.12. Water Uses and Sources
The Project will not use any utility water for electrical power generation.
2.13. Erosion Control and Storm Water Drainage
A Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) study has been prepared, submitted and reviewed by the
Town’s review engineer.
2.14. Vegetation Treatment and Management
The Project Site consists of low volume forest land with dense undergrowth. The project site will be cleared
for the construction of the project. Native vegetation (low growing grasses) will be planted after construction
to grow amongst the solar panels.
2.15. Waste Materials Management
The Project will generate a variety of non-hazardous wastes during construction and operation. These waste
items may include the materials listed in Table 4:
Table 4: Waste and Hazardous Materials Management
Item Description
PVC Cement Adhesive used for underground PVC conduit and ground sleeve
Cardboard General packaging
Plastic General packaging, wiring coating
Cold Galv Anti-rust galvanizing spray used when cutting material to prevent rust.
Copper & Aluminum Wiring systems trims
Material Safety Data Sheets (“MSDS”) will be maintained at the Project Site during construction. All waste
shall be disposed of according to what is specified in the MSDS.
2.15.1. Construction Waste Management
During construction, inert solid wastes may include recyclable items such as paper, cardboard, solid concrete,
metals and wire, Type 1 to 4 plastics, drywall, and wood. Non-recyclable items include insulation, other
plastics, food waste, packing materials, and other construction wastes. Management of wastes will be the
responsibility of the Project Owner. Typical management practices required for contractor waste include
recycling, when possible, proper storage of waste and debris to prevent wind periodic transport and disposal
of waste by an authorized trash hauler. A waste management plan will be implemented during construction.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 25
It is expected that a 40-cubic-yard container will be staged at the Project Site and emptied (exchanged) on an
“as needed” basis. Construction waste is not expected to have an impact on public health. No hazardous
wastes are expected.
2.15.2. Operations Waste Management
During operations, inert solid wastes generated would be predominantly routine maintenance wastes, such as
scrap metal, wood, and plastic from surplus and deactivated equipment. Scrap materials such as paper,
packing materials, glass, metals, and plastics will be segregated for recycling. Non-recyclable inert wastes
would be stored in covered trash bins in accordance with local ordinances and picked up by an authorized
local trash hauler for transport and disposal.
2.16. Fire Protection
Fire protection at the Project Site will include safety measures to ensure the safeguarding of human life,
prevent personnel injury, and preserving property. The Project Owner will offer to meet with the local fire
department(s) to provide them with information related to the Project.
2.17. Health and Safety
A “Health and Safety” plan will be in effect during construction with regular inspections. Workers will be
required to use personal protective equipment (“PPE”) during construction activities. Required PPE will be
approved for use, distinctly marked to facilitate identification, and be used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. The PPE will be of such design, fit, and durability as to provide adequate
protection against the hazards for which it is designed. The use of PPE for site activities includes but is not
limited to safety glasses or goggles, hardhat, earplugs, dust mask, leather and/or insulated gloves, safety-toe
and/or metatarsal shoes, apron, and safety belt.
During construction, a first aid station, complete with all emergency medical supplies, will be located on the
Project Site.
3.0. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SOLAR FACILITY
The following section generally describes the activities that are anticipated to occur before and during Project
construction and throughout operation and maintenance of the Project.
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3.1. Solar Field Design, Layout, Installation and Construction Processes
The site plan for the Solar Facility is shown in Figure 9. The Solar Facility consists of arrays anchored to the
ground. Arrays may be reconfigured as required by site characteristics such as parcel boundaries, roads,
topography or similar constraints.
The arrays are installed in a block configuration. Modules are attached to horizontal steel shafts supported
by vertical steel posts. All panels will have minimal visual effect and the minimum height in relation to the
ground will be approximately 3 ft. All mechanical equipment will be completely enclosed by an
approximately 8’ high fence.
Figure 9. Project Site Layout
3.2. Access and Transportation System, Component Delivery, Worker Access
The Project Site access for general construction traffic will be from the Access Point by an access road.
Traffic will come from there onto the main access drive to the Project Site where all deliveries will occur.
The Access Point will also be the primary route for workers to access the Project Site.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 27
Parking will be provided at the Project Site. It is not expected, but if necessary, a traffic and transportation
plan will be developed to address flagging and traffic management along public roads during the construction
phase. Construction traffic would continue for approximately six months from the start of construction.
3.3. Construction Work Force Numbers, Vehicles, Equipment, Timeframes
Construction activities would include road and access construction, solar installation, operation and
maintenance facility construction, Interconnection Line trenching, installation of a direct buried rated
Interconnection Line, cleanup, and site reclamation. The anticipated number of workers and type of
equipment to construct the Project are provided in Table 5.
Table 5: Typical construction estimated personnel and equipment required
Item: # of Personnel Equipment
Survey 3 2 pickup trucks
Solar Installation 12 1 piling and drilling machine
1 fork lift
2 trucks
Temporary Road
Construction
6 1 excavator
1 road grader
2 trucks
Trench and backfill 4 1 excavator
1 compactor
2 trucks
Interconnection Line 4 1 spool truck
1 trencher
1 truck
Clean-up 4 1 truck
Rehabilitation 2 1 truck
Estimated personnel 35
3.4. Site Preparation, Surveying and Staking
A detailed land survey will be performed to establish local benchmarks and Project Site boundaries. A
topographic survey has been performed to establish the Project Site’s grading and drainage plans for the
arrays, roadways, and other Project features. Detailed maps with GPS coordinates will be supplied to proper
authorities having jurisdiction as required for permitting.
A licensed survey team, prior to commencement of construction, will properly stake the Project Site physical
boundaries and construction footprints. The survey team will additionally stake the path through any right of
ways (“ROW”s) for the Interconnection Lines or provide a detailed map using GPS coordinates.
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3.5. Site Preparation and Vegetation Removal
Vegetation will only be removed in disturbed areas as required for placement of modules, electrical
equipment, access road and drainage swales. Vegetation removal will be minimized as much as possible.
The Project Site is expected to require minimal grading. To the extent possible, the racking system will be
adapted to the existing topography. Minimal grading may be required for the inverter and transformer pad.
3.6. Solar Facility Construction
Prior to installation of the modules, the supporting steel posts would be installed, generally pile driven to
minimize ground disturbance. The modules would be mounted by hand to the steel posts and all necessary
electrical, communications, and other connections will be made. All significant assembly and erection will
be conducted on site.
3.7. Project Construction
The anticipated Construction Schedule may change based on time of year/product availability.
3.8. Gravel Needs and Sources
Gravel needs would be moderate. The main access road, if needed, would use compacted, crushed gravel
imported from offsite. Materials will be locally sourced to the extent possible.
3.9. Electrical Construction Activities
Power generated by the modules will be collected through a power collection system. The collection system
will direct the output from the modules to the on-site transformer to be transmitted through the
Interconnection Line to the Utility grid.
3.10. Interconnection Line Construction Sequence
The Interconnection Line from the Project Site to poles required the Utility will be underground. The
construction of the Interconnection Line is a several step process. The initial step will be clearly surveying
the ROW boundaries and marking any existing underground utilities. After the ROW has been staked,
excavation equipment can be used to dig the trench. The excavated soil will be used for backfilling or
disposed of on-site. When the trench is prepared, the conduit installation process can begin, utilizing the
proper backfill around the conduit, if required. Above the conduit placement, the previously excavated native
soil can be used to fill in the remaining trench depth.
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The Engineering, Procurement and Construction contractor (EPC Contractor) shall provide a
compilation of all user manuals, guarantees and warranties to the Project Owner and O&M
Contractor including a data sheet for each item of equipment.
4.0. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.1. Description of Project Site and Potential Environmental Issues
4.1.1. Special or Sensitive Species and Habitats
The Project Site consists of farmland and wooded areas. The Property is bounded as follows:
North: Single family parcel and large wooded parcel
East: Wooded parcel with wetlands
South: 2 single family residence houses
West: South Main Street Residential housing
General locations where rare animals, rare plants, and significant natural communities (such as forests,
wetlands, and other habitat types) are already documented in New York State. The Project Site is not located
within an area designated as having the potential for habitat for rare plants and/or endangered animals via the
NYSDEC Environmental Resource Mapper Rare Plants and Animals Overlay Map (“DEC Mapper”). The
Project Site does not fall within lands known or expected to be near critical habitat protected under the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (“USFWS”).
4.1.2. Visual
Current visual characteristics of the Project Site consist mainly of farmland and wooded areas.
North, South and East: Existing vegetation surrounding the Project Site will mitigate views of the Solar
Facility from neighboring structures. There will need to be a landscaping plan provided for the West side of
the lot to mitigate the view of the solar field.
See Figure 10 on the following page for the location of nearby residences and structures.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 30
Figure 10. Nearby Residences / Buildings
4.1.3. Glare and Glint
Solar panels are designed to not reflect sunlight. In general, solar panels absorb as much sunlight as possible
while reflecting as little light as possible. Solar panels produce less glare and reflectance than standard home
window glass. Solar panels use “high-transmission, low-iron” glass, which absorbs more light, producing
smaller amounts of glare and reflectance than window glass. Research has shown that they reflect less light
than snow, white concrete, and energy-efficient white rooftops.
Glint is typically defined as a momentary flash of bright light, often caused by a reflection off a moving
source. A typical example of glint is a momentary solar reflection from a moving car, or “catching” something
bright out of the corner of your eye.
Glare is defined as a continuous source of bright light. Glare is generally associated with stationary objects,
which, due to the slow relative movement of the sun, reflect sunlight for a longer duration. The difference
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 31
between glint and glare is duration. Industry-standard glare analysis tools evaluate the occurrence of glare on
a minute-by-minute basis; accordingly, they generally refer to solarhazards as “glare”.
The ocular impact of solar glare is quantified into three categories (Ho, 2011):
1. Green – Unproblematic shine. Low potential to cause after-image. This type of glare can be compared to
noticing something shiny in the distance.
2. Yellow - Potential to cause temporary afterimage (flash blindness). This type of glare is much like sunrise
and sunset glare for drivers who struggle to find the perfect angle for car visors so they can continue to
operate their vehicle safely while traveling through areas of such glare.
a. Standard levels of yellow glare can, for the most part, be handled with relative ease utilizing slatted fencing
or local foliage landscape mitigation measures.
b. Only extremely high levels of this type of glare (in the area of the chart labeled as “direct viewing of the
sun” which is uncommon to find with PV installations) would be considered an insurmountable hurdle to a
PV installation of any size.
c. High levels/intensities and long durations are different factors.
3. Red - Potential to cause retinal burn (permanent eye damage). PV modules do not focus reflected sunlight
and therefore retinal burn (RED glare) is typically not possible.
d. This is the ONLY type of glare that would be considered an insurmountable hurdle to a PV installation of
any size.
These categories assume a typical blink response in the observer.
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To further put glare into perspective, the following is presented.
YELLOW glare such as in the graphic below could only be seen when standing directly next to project panels
at the perfect angle when the sun is in a perfect place—indeed the point of a photographer standing directly
by these panels and waiting for the perfect moment to capture this image. It is also possible that the panels
in the picture shown do not have an anti-reflective coating.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 33
GREEN glare, as illustrated below, is the more common occurrence with solar projects—a noticeable shiny
area (in the northwest area) as compared to panels where the sun is not quite in perfect alignment yet.
The effect of this noticeable shine to certain areas of the project area is still seen from a relatively close up
vantage point and at the optimal height this image was captured, possibly by a drone. A similarly sized project
in the distance, closer to the horizon of the photo would be unlikely to show even the levels of green glare
that the system in the foreground reflects.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 34
US patent # 6359212 (method for testing solar cell assemblies and second surface mirrors by ultraviolet
reflectometry for susceptibility to ultraviolet degradation) explains the differences in the refraction and
reflection of solar panel glass versus standard window glass.
When a ray of light falls on a piece of glass, some of the light is reflected from the glass surface, some of the
light passes through the glass (transmitted), and some (very little) is absorbed by the glass. Following are
parameters to consider when considering glare from solar panels:
• The measure of the proportion of light reflected from surface is called reflectance (reflection): R
• The measure of the proportion transmitted is the transmittance (this is where the term high light
transmission glass comes from because the glass is formulated to allow more sunlight to pass through its
surface than would pass through a standard glass surface): T
• The measure of the proportion absorbed is absorptance (absorption) (this amount is very small for clear
glass, much smaller proportionately, than the other two components): A
Each quantity is expressed as a fraction of the total intensity (quantity) of a ray of light. Intensity may be
expressed as follows: R + A + T = 1.
Table 6. Solar Radiation through Glazing Material
The reflection/refraction behavior of a medium is directly related to its index of refraction. Lower the index
of refraction is suitable because the medium is allowing more of the incident ray to pass directly through.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 35
Table 7. Common Reflective Surfaces
It should be noted from the graph and the table above, that the reflected energy, in percentage, of solar glass
is much lower than water and even below that of forest reflection.
Table 8. Anti-Reflective Coating reflect a lower percentage of light than smooth water.
Table 9. Analysis of typical Material Reflectivity with sunlight angle (from normal).
Steel, a common building material, reflects far more incident sunlight than a solar panel.
The percentage of the incoming sunlight that is reflected is very low for high sun angles (most of the day)
and increases for a very low sun angles (near sunrise and sunset when the intensity of the sun is already
substantially lower than at mid-day.).
Taking into account existing vegetation and distance from the road as well as the aforementioned information
regarding glare off the solar modules, roadways, buildings and flights paths will not be impacted by glare
from the panels.
4.1.4. Storm Water Drainage
4.1.4.1 Storm Water Drainage off Modules
The storm water impacts of a solar installation will depend upon the project design, site conditions and
characteristics, as well as topographic conditions. A SWPPP determines the impact, if any, of the existing
runoff conditions and remediation actions, if needed, for the proposed runoff conditions. The Solar Facility
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 36
is a fixed structure mounted and is installed with minimal impact to the current topography and groundcover
conditions. Also, the Solar Facility is arranged with sufficient distance between the modules to allow rainfall
to infiltrate between each module and flow between arrays, allowing any runoff to naturally infiltrate and
drain over all ground surfaces.
The conceptual design of the Project has been arranged, to the maximum extent practicable, to mimic natural
hydrology. Rainwater falling on the modules will not channel or accumulate in large volumes as it will run-
off the modules using the gap between each module, about 1 inch. Rainwater will fall off each module within
a few feet of where it would naturally fall. Additionally, the site has full grass ground cover, minimizing
erosive actions.
Figure 11. Module Spacing Gaps
Elements of the Solar Facility that alter natural infiltration, such as steel poles driven into the ground and any
other racking components are treated as impervious. Other impervious elements would include concrete pads
or foundations for racks or inverter cabinets.
The following factors have been considered during the design process:
• Runoff to flow onto and across vegetated areas to maintain the disconnection
• Disconnecting impervious surfaces works best in undisturbed soils.
• Minimizing ground disturbance.
The rows of solar panels will be installed according to Figure 12 below. In this scenario, the disconnection
length is the same as the distance between rows and is at least 80% of the width of each row. Therefore, each
row of modules is adequately disconnected between modules and between rows.
Figure 12. Array Spacing - disconnection flow path between arrays
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 37
4.1.4.2 Vegetation under Modules
The modules will reduce direct sunlight under each module in direct proportion to its total collection area;
this may reduce plant coverage and density under the modules. In contrast, this shading will increase the
moisture of the ground providing an extra water source for vegetation.
There will be shading underneath each module (varies based on sun position and type of array layout). Within
this area there will be reduced sunlight intensity. Sunlight intensity is reduced but still enough intensity
remains to allow grass to persist under the shaded area. The growing pattern will be slower than the conditions
associated with full open environments but good enough to allow grass to endure. Generally, the
measurements made in the various light regimes indicate native grasses grows best when light values exceed
600 Lx but the growing patterns will be reduced to a level where the grass will have a thinner cover and
resulting a slower growing path for the grass. Other contiguous grasses may actually benefit from some
shading providing a slightly moister substrate that could be utilized by the grasses. (Source: proposed solar
panels vegetation impacts, prepared by Joseph Arsenault, July 2010)
4.1.5. Noise
Very minimal low-level noise is generated from the electrical inverter and distribution transformer. Inverters
are tested and do not generate disturbing noise levels, and noise from equipment will not be audible at the
Property boundary. Central inverters are usually surrounded by the solar panel arrays whose electricity they
manage–further distancing them from anyone who might happen to be nearby. At a distance of 1m, central
inverters have a sound pressure level of less than 70dB. Furthermore, because solar modules produce power
only when the sun is shining, inverters will be completely silent at night.
If trackers are proposed for the Solar Facility, the tracking racking will move slowly
following the sun. This tracker movement is slow and will not create any perceptible noise.
4.1.6. Dust and Waste
The inclination of the modules allows water to flow freely through them and clean the surface when it is
raining. No dust will be generated during operations. Modules after use (20 or 30 years) are 95% recyclable.
The equipment will be designed for a 30-year lifespan, and end-of-life site remediation and equipment
replacement options will be discussed in the Decommissioning Plan.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 38
4.1.7. Safety
A health and safety plan will be implemented during construction. All equipment installed will comply with
safety rules. Warning signs (visible, in good condition and permanent) will be posted. Perimeter fencing and
surveillance system will be considered. All the equipment will be tested and in warranty. Equipment must
comply with Federal, State and local regulations and applicable laws.
The electrical safety for workers will be designed and evaluated in detail. The hot parts will be isolated, and
general equipment or switching devices will be mechanically interlocked. The electrical installations are
equipped with protection against abnormal operating conditions, providing compliance with safety rules.
4.1.8. Impacts During Construction
It is expected that some noise will be generated during construction activities. All actions involving risk will
be considered: civil engineering, machinery, transportation, etc. Impacts due to construction will be
investigated, and mitigation measures will be proposed. The contingency provision for the Solar Facility
consists of a detailed analysis of the possible occurrence of an incident while under construction; the purpose
is to have a response to maintain the safety of people, environment, and Property.
4.1.9. Cultural and Historic Resource Sites and Values
The historic and archeological map will be utilized to identify if any cultural or historical significance exist
on site. Any cultural resource that would be directly or indirectly impacted, if any, would be subject to further
evaluation.
4.1.10 Solar Facilities Classified as Non-Hazardous Materials
Photovoltaic panels are designed to last more than 30 years, and many manufacturers back their products
with performance guarantees backed by warranties. Many Solar Energy Industry Association (“SEIA”)
members already operate take-back and recycling programs for their products. They are committed to guiding
both state and federal regulations that support safe and effective collection and recycling of end-of-life
modules.
End-of-life disposal of solar products in the US is governed by the Federal Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (“RCRA”) (http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/rcra.html), and state policies that govern waste.
To be governed by RCRA, panels must be classified as hazardous waste.
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To be classified as hazardous, panels must fail the Toxicity Characteristics Leach Procedure test (“TCLP
Test”). Most panels pass the TCLP test, and thus are classified as nonhazardous and are not regulated.
Numerous companies make available to its customers modules that do not contain toxic heavy metals (no
more lead or cadmium than allowed under RoHS).
Because panel materials are enclosed, and don’t mix with water or vaporize into the air, there is little, if any,
risk of chemical releases to the environment during normal use. The most common type of panel is made of
tempered glass, which is quite strong. They pass hail tests.
All solar panel materials are contained in a solid matrix, insoluble and non-volatile at ambient conditions,
and enclosed. Therefore, releases to the ground from leaching to the air from volatilization during use, or
from panel breakage, are not a concern. Ground-mounted arrays are typically made up of panels of silicon
solar cells covered by a thin layer of protective glass, which is attached to an inert solid underlying substance
(or “substrate”).
The main component of most modules is silicon, which isn't intrinsically harmful, but parts of the
manufacturing process do involve hazardous chemicals and these need to be carefully controlled and
regulated to prevent environmental damage. It is important to note that the same materials are in other
electronic goods such as computers and TVs.
Generally, companies participate in a fully funded collection and recycling system for end-of-life modules
produced globally; have written a letter to SEIA urging it to support Extended Producer Responsibility
(“EPR”) laws and regulations; support public EPR policies in the regions where the company manufactures
and sells modules and takes responsibility for recycling by including the “crossed out garbage bin” symbol
on module name plates, including a PV Cycle link on the company website; and clearly describe on the
website how customers can responsibly return modules for recycling.
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 40
Figure 13. PV Module Composition - Source: PV Cycle
Transformers used at solar installations are similar to the ones used throughout the electricity distribution
system in cities and towns. Modern transformers typically use non-toxic coolants, such as mineral oils.
Potential releases from transformers using these coolants at solar installations are not expected to present a
risk to human health. Release of any toxic materials from solid state inverters is also unlikely provided
appropriate electrical and installation requirements are followed.
4.1.11 Decommissioning Plan
The decommissioning requirement for a Large-Scale Solar Installation set forth in section 367.10
Decomissioning and Removal of the Solar Law read as follows:
367.10 Decommissioning and Removal.
A Large-Scale Solar Energy System which has been abandoned shall be decommissioned and removed.
The Large-Scale Solar Energy System owner and/or owner of the land upon which the system is located
shall be held responsible to physically remove all components of the system within one year of
abandonment. Removal of the Large-Scale Solar Energy System shall be in accordance with a
decommissioning plan approved by the Town Board. A schedule of fines shall be approved and adopted
by the Town Board to be imposed on the Landowner in the event there is a failure to comply.
Decommissioning and removal of a Large-Scale Solar Energy System shall consist of:
a. Physical removal of all above ground and below ground equipment, structures and foundations,
including but not limited to all solar arrays, buildings, towers, blades, security barriers, fences, electric
transmission lines and components, roadways and other physical improvements to the site related to the
Large-Scale Solar Energy System;
b. Disposal of all solid and hazardous waste in accordance with local, state and federal waste
disposal regulations,
c. Restoration of the ground surface and soil,
d. Stabilization and revegetation of the site with native seed mixes and/or plant species
(excluding invasive species) to minimize erosion,
e. Upon petition to the Town Board, the Town Board shall permit the system owner and/or
landowner to leave certain underground or above ground improvements in place, provided the owner
can show that such improvements are part of a plan to redevelop the site, are not detrimental to such
redevelopment, and do not adversely affect community character or the environment.
f. An estimate of the anticipated operational life of the system;
g. Identification of the party responsible for decommissioning;
h. Description of any agreement with the landowner regarding decommissioning;
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 41
i. A schedule showing the time frame over which decommissioning will occur and for completion of site
restoration work.
j. A certified and sealed cost estimate prepared by a qualified structural engineer or professional
engineer, who shall be reasonably acceptable to the Town Board, estimating the full cost of
decommissioning and removal of the system, including, but not limited to, the cost of solid waste disposal
and the cost to clean-up any hazardous waste leakage on the property. No scrap value shall be taken
into account for purposes of estimating these decommissioning and removal costs. The Town Board shall
have the sole discretion to require a structural engineer or a professional engineer and regardless of
which type of engineer is chosen, such engineer shall be licensed by the State of New York. The Town
Board shall have the right, in its sole discretion, to have this estimate reviewed by an independent
structural engineer at the system owner's and/or operator's expense;
k. A financial plan to ensure that financial resources will be available to fully decommission the site.
A separate “stand alone” Decommissioning Plan has been submitted to the Town as part of the application
for a special use permit and site plan approval. The Decommissioning Plan is submitted separately for ease
of tracking the Solar Law requirements.
The following is a summary of general Decommissioning Plan activities:
Decommissioning of the Solar Facility will include the disconnection of the Solar Facility from the Utility
electrical grid and the removal of all Solar Facility components, including:
• Photovoltaic (PV) modules, module racking and supports.
• Inverter units, substation, transformers, and other electrical equipment.
• Wiring cables, perimeter fence.
• Inverter pad concrete foundations.
Generally, decommissioning of a Solar Facility proceeds in the reverse order of the installation.
1. The Solar Facility shall be disconnected from the Utility power grid.
2. PV modules shall be disconnected, collected, and disposed of at an approved solar module recycler or
reused / resold on the market.
3. All aboveground and underground electrical interconnection and distribution cables shall be removed
and disposed off-site at an approved facility.
4. Galvanized steel PV module support and racking system support posts shall be removed and disposed
off-site at an approved facility.
5. Electrical and electronic devices, including transformers and inverters shall be removed and disposed off-
site by at approved facility.
6. Concrete foundations shall be removed and disposed off-site at an approved facility.
7. Fencing shall be removed and will be disposed off-site by at an approved facility.
Site decommissioning and equipment removal can take a month or more. Therefore, access roads, fencing,
electrical power, and other facilities will temporarily remain in place for use by the decommissioning workers
until no longer needed. Demolition debris will be placed in a temporary onsite storage area pending final
Delaware River Solar \33 Lower Main Street, Callicoon NY 12723 \ (646) 998-6495 42
transportation and disposal and/or recycling according to procedures. No hazardous materials or waste will
be used during operation of the Solar Facility; disposal of hazardous materials or waste will not be required
at decommissioning.
The piling for support structures is without concrete foundation, so removing piles will not be onerous. The
diameter of the holes in the ground are small in terms of impacted area and will be refilled accordingly.
Excavations will be backfilled and restored with native onsite material. No significant grading or rework of
the site will be performed.
Most materials of the Solar Facility have value: steel, copper, aluminum, and others. The quantity and value
of recycled and reusable materials could vary according to markets value, facility conditions and lifespan.
4.1.12. Other Environmental Considerations
Visual resources in the Project area have been affected by past and present actions, including the construction
of highways and roads, Utility lines, sewerage, water utility lines, and limited commercial and residential
development, but the existing vegetation allows direct view of the solar project from nearby buildings and
highways to be avoided.