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HomeMy WebLinkAboutBlack-Oak_Historic-Resources-Visual-Effects-Analysis.pdfPrepared by: Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering & Environmental Services, D.P.C. 217 Montgomery Street, Suite 1000 Syracuse, New York 13202 P: 315.471.0688 F: 315.471.1061 www.edrdpc.com Prepared for: Black Oak Wind Farm, LLC P.O. Box 547 Ithaca, New York 14850 P. 607.330.0399 www.blackoakwindny.com Black Oak Wind Farm Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis July 2014 Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis Black Oak Wind Farm Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York Prepared for: Black Oak Wind Farm, LLC P.O. Box 547 Ithaca, New York 14850 Prepared by: Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering & Environmental Services, D.P.C. 217 Montgomery Street, Suite 1000 Syracuse, New York 13202 P: 315.471.0688 F: 315.471.1061 www.edrdpc.com July 2014 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis ii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY SHPO Project Review Number: 10PR03387 Involved State and Federal Agencies: Town Board of the Town of Enfield (SEQRA Lead Agency) New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Phase of Survey: Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis Location Information: Town of Enfield, Tompkins County Survey Area: Project Description: 7 wind turbines and associated infrastructure Project Area: Approximately 1,060 acres USGS 7.5-Minute Quadrangle Map: Alpine, Burdett, Ithaca West, Mecklenburg, Montour Falls, and West Danby, NY Historic Resources Survey Overview: Two properties (the Enfield Falls Mill and Miller’s House, and Newfield Covered Bridge) listed on the NRHP are located within the APE. There are nine properties located within the APE that have been previously determined eligible by NYSOPRHP. Six of these properties comprise a potential historic district along NY Route 228 in the Town of Hector, and three are individually eligible. There are 35 additional properties within the APE that are recommended in the Phase 1B historic resources survey to be NRHP-eligible (Carter and Hohman, 2013). Twenty-six of these properties are recommended individually eligible, and nine are contributing properties to a proposed historic district (the Iradell Road Farmsteads Historic District). Report Authors: Grant Johnson Patrick Heaton, RPA Date of Report: July 2014 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of the Investigation .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Location and Description ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 BACKGROUND AND METHODS ..................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Project’s Area of Potential Effect (APE) and Study Area ............................................................................... 2 2.2 Summary of Historic Resources Survey ........................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Summary of Visual Impact Assessment ........................................................................................................ 5 3.0 HISTORIC RESOURCES VISUAL EFFECTS ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 8 3.1 Potential Effect on Historic Resources .......................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Visual Effects Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 9 4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 16 4.1 Summary of Historic-Architectural Resources Survey Results .................................................................... 16 4.2 Summary of Project’s Potential Effect on Historic Resources ..................................................................... 16 4.3 Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 18 5.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 19 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Previously Identified Historic Resources Located in the Vicinity of the Project ............................................... 3 Table 2. Phase 1B Historic Resource Survey Results .................................................................................................. 4 Table 3. Visual Effects Analysis for Historic Resources .............................................................................................. 11 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Regional Project Location Figure 2. Proposed Project Layout Figure 3. Study Area Figure 4. Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A. NYSOPRHP Correspondence Appendix B. Visual Simulations (prepared by Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. [HMMH]) Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of the Investigation On behalf of Black Oak Wind Farm, LLC, Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering & Environmental Services, D.P.C. (EDR) conducted a historic resources visual effects analysis for the proposed Black Oak Wind Farm, located in the Town of Enfield, in Tompkins County, New York. The purpose of the visual effects analysis is to evaluate the Project’s potential visual effect on historic resources. The information included in this visual effects analysis is intended to assist the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYSOPRHP) in their review of the proposed project under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), Section 14.09 of the New York State Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Law, and/or Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. 1.2 Project Location and Description Black Oak Wind Farm, LLC is proposing to develop a wind-powered generating facility (the Project) in the Town of Enfield, Tompkins County (Figure 1). The Project site is located approximately seven miles west-southwest of the City of Ithaca, four miles northwest of the hamlet of Newfield, and six miles northeast of the Village of Odessa (as measured to the nearest turbine). The Project site includes approximately 1,100 acres of private land (owned by six individual landowners) in an area roughly bounded by Cayutaville Road to the south, the Schuyler County line to the west, Weatherby Road to the north, and Connecticut Hill Road to the east (Figure 2). The proposed Project site is located on rolling, elevated plateaus that are dissected by tributaries (and their associated ravines) to Seneca Lake, Cayuga Lake, and the Susquehanna River. Elevations in the Project site range from approximately 1,450 to 1,960 feet above mean sea level (amsl). Slopes within the Project site range from 0 to 20 percent. The Project will consist of seven 1.7 megawatt (MW) wind turbines for a total generating capacity of 11.9 MW. As presently envisioned, the wind turbines proposed for this Project will be the GE 1.7-100 1.7 MW turbines manufactured by Ge Energy. Each wind turbine consists of three major components; the tower, the nacelle, and the rotor. The height of the tower, or “hub height” (height from foundation to top of tower) will be approximately 96 meters (315 feet). The nacelle sits atop the tower, and the rotor hub is mounted to the front of the nacelle. The three-bladed rotor has a diameter of 100 meters (328 feet). The total turbine height (i.e., height at the highest blade tip position) will be approximately 146 meters, or 479 feet. In addition, the Project will include approximately 2.6 miles of access roads, 4.4 miles of 34.5 kV underground electrical interconnect, a substation, a meteorological tower and a construction staging area (Figure 2). Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 2 2.0 BACKGROUND AND METHODS 2.1 Project’s Area of Potential Effect (APE) and Study Area The Project’s potential effect on a given historic property would be a change (resulting from the introduction of wind turbines) in the property’s visual setting. The area of potential effect (APE) for visual effects on historic resources includes all areas where the turbines will be visible. Per the SHPO Wind Guidelines, the APE for visual impacts on historic properties for wind projects is defined as those areas within five miles of proposed turbines which are within the potential viewshed (based on topography) of a given project (NYSOPRHP, 2006). All Project facilities are to be located in the Town of Enfield in Tompkins County. The Project APE includes portions of the Towns of Enfield, Newfield and Ulysses in Tompkins County; and the Towns of Catharine and Hector in Schuyler County (see Figure 3). Areas of higher population density include the hamlets of Enfield, Mecklenburg, and Newfield. 2.2 Summary of Historic Resources Survey EDR previously prepared a Phase 1A Cultural Resources Survey (EDR, 2013a), which was included in the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the Project (EDR, 2013b) and was submitted to the NYSOPRHP for review and comment on March 5, 2013. In a letter dated April 2, 2013, NYSOPRHP concurred with the conclusions and recommendations of the Phase 1A report that a Phase 1B historic resources survey should be conducted for the Project (correspondence included in Appendix A). The Phase 1A report included identification of all properties located within five miles of the Project that have been previously listed, or determined (by NYSOPRHP) to be eligible for listing, on the State and/or National Register of Historic Places (S/NRHP). Historic resources listed on the NRHP located within five miles of the Project include the Enfield Falls Mill and Millhouse, located in Robert H. Treman State Park, 3.4-miles east of the Project, and Newfield Covered Bridge, which spans the Cayuga Inlet Creek and is located 4.3-mile southeast of the Project. Nine properties that have been determined by NYSOPRHP to be NRHP-eligible are located within five miles of the Project. These include three individual buildings and a potential historic district that includes six structures. Historic properties listed on or previously determined eligible for the NRHP located within five miles of the Project are listed in Table 1 and shown on Figure 4. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 3 Table 1. Previously Identified Historic Resources Located in the Vicinity of the Project Site Identifier Property Name, Address, and/or Description National Register Eligibility Determination Distance from Nearest Turbine (Miles) 90NR02242 Enfield Falls Mill and Miller’s House, Robert H. Treman State Park NRHP-Listed 3.4 99NR01549 Newfield Covered Bridge, Hamlet of Newfield NRHP-Listed 4.3 95NR00761 174 Enfield Main Road (Enfield Baptist Church), Hamlet of Enfield NRHP-Eligible 2.4 95NR00761 NY Route 228, Structure #20 (residence) Hector, Schuyler County (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 3.0 109.08.000034 NY Route 228, Structure #26 (Chiment residence ca. 1800) Hector, Schuyler County (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 3.2 109.08.000038 NY Route 228, Structure #15 (residence) Catharine, Schuyler County (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 3.9 109.08.000033 1504 NY Rte 13 Farmhouse, Town of Newfield NRHP-Eligible 4.2 109.08.000082 368 Main Street, Hamlet of Newfield NRHP-Eligible 4.6 109.08.000030 NY Route 228, Structure #11 (residence), Catharine, Schuyler County (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 4.8 109.08.000029 NY Route 228, Structure #10 (Van Lone barn), Catharine, Schuyler County (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 4.9 109.08.000028 NY Route 228, Structure #8 (residence), Catharine, Schuyler County (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 5.0 A Phase 1B Historic Building Survey was conducted by the Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) at SUNY Binghamton in September 2013 to identify buildings, structures, districts, cemeteries, and landscapes that satisfy NRHP-eligibility criteria within the five-mile APE of the Project (Carter & Hohman, 2013). The survey consisted of a review of NYSOPRHP files to identify previously surveyed properties listed on or eligible for the NRHP, and a field reconnaissance survey. The field survey recorded 403 historic properties fifty years or older within the five-mile viewshed of the Project. Of these properties, the survey recommended 26 individual historic resources and one historic district (with nine contributing resources) eligible for the NRHP. Resources identified by this survey are listed in Table 2 and shown on Figure 4. Resources were documented with photographs and a completed NYSOPRHP historic resource inventory form. Newly documented resources in the survey included houses, churches, cemeteries, one store building, and one proposed historic district (the Iradell Road Farmsteads Historic District). The survey also included updated photographs for one property previously determined NRHP-eligible, the former Baptist Church of Enfield. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 4 Table 2. Phase 1B Historic Resource Survey Results Site Identifier Property Name, Address, and/or Description National Register Eligibility Recommendation Distance to nearest turbine (miles) 109.04.000031 215 Connecticut Hill Road (Noble House), Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 0.4 N/A 3440 McIntyre Road, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 0.8 N/A 235 Harvey Hill Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 0.8 109.04.000012 4 Stone House Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 2.8 097.01.000002 2725 McIntyre Road (Judge William Lawrence House), Town of Catharine Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.4 N/A 785 Bostwick Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.4 N/A 560 Van Dorn Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.5 N/A 60 Colegrove Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.8 N/A 6085 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 097.01.000003 2800 NY Route 228 (Lawrence Homestead), Town of Catharine Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 N/A 6083 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 N/A 6079 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 N/A 6063B Turnpike Road (Mecklenburg Presbyterian Church), Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 N/A 6063A Turnpike Road (Mecklenburg Methodist Church), Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 N/A Carman Road (Perry City Friends Cemetery), Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 N/A 6076 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 097.04.000083 4627 Steve Street, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 109.04.000013 896 Hayts Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 N/A 81 Applegate Road (Rolfe Cemetery), Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 N/A 2806 NY Route 228 (Lawrence Memorial Chapel and Cemetery), Town of Catharine Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.1 N/A 5980 Turnpike Road, Turnpike Road Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.1 109.04.000015 581 Bostwick Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.2 N/A 5885 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.3 N/A 4735 Williams Road, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.3 109.04.000052 190 Applegate Road (Joseph Rolfe House), Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.4 N/A 613 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 N/A 647 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 N/A 8480 Iradell Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 N/A 90 Vankirk Road, Town of Newfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 N/A 629 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 N/A 635 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 N/A 7476 Iradell Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.7 N/A 3031 Podunk Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.8 N/A 3011 Halseyville Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.9 N/A 449 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 5.0 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 5 Houses recommended NRHP-eligible ranged in date of construction from 1818 to 1890, and represented a variety of architectural styles, including Greek Revival, Stick and Queen Anne. The three NRHP-eligible churches identified by the survey were constructed in the early nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the recommended eligible cemeteries date to the early nineteenth century. The proposed Iradell Road Farmsteads Historic District is comprised of eleven residences along Iradell, Halseyville and Podunk Road in Enfield and Ulysses. Four of the houses are recommended to be individually NRHP-eligible, five others are recommended to be contributing resources for the proposed historic district, and two are recommended non-contributing (i.e., not NRHP-eligible). The survey concluded that the construction of the Project would not require the demolition or physical alteration of any buildings. It also noted the possibility of adverse effects on historic properties resulting from the construction of the Project if the physical features, setting, or use of a given property that contributes to its historic significance are changed by the introduction of visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the significant historic features of the property. A visual effects analysis was not included as part of the Phase 1B historic resources survey. NYSOPRHP reviewed the Phase 1B survey, and provided a response letter dated October 22, 2013 (see Appendix A) indicating NYSOPRHP’s concurrence with the eligibility recommendations presented in the Phase 1B report, but requested additional information regarding visual impacts to properties determined eligible for the NRHP prior to issuing an effect determination for the Project. 2.3 Summary of Visual Impact Assessment Existing visual and aesthetic resources within the visual study area were identified as part of a Visual Impact Assessment (VIA) conducted by Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. The original VIA was included in the Project’s DEIS (HMMH, 2013) and a revised VIA is included in the Project’s FEIS (HMMH, 2014). The visual study area for the Project was defined as the area within a five-mile radius of each of the proposed turbines. The VIA was prepared in accordance with the NYSDEC Program Policy DEP-00-2 Assessing and Mitigating Visual Impacts (NYSDEC, 2000), and included a review of existing data and field reconnaissance to identify landscape similarity zones, viewer groups, and sensitive visual resources within the area. The area within five miles of the Project includes six sites that the NYSDEC Program Policy DEP-00-2 Assessing and Mitigating Visual Impacts (NYSDEC, 2000) considers aesthetic resources of statewide significance. These include two properties that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP): Newfield Covered Bridge, Enfield Falls Mill, and Miller’s House. The other three aesthetic resources of statewide significance are state-designated recreation and/or wildlife areas: Robert H. Treman State Park, Connecticut Hill Wildlife Management Area, and the Finger Lakes Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 6 Trail. Within the visual study area there are no urban cultural parks or heritage areas; state forest preserves; national wildlife refuges; national natural landmarks; national parks, recreation areas, seashores, or forests; national or state designated wild, scenic, and recreational rivers; designated scenic sites or roadways; scenic areas of statewide significance; Adirondack Park Scenic Vistas; state nature or historic preserves; Palisades Park resources; or Bond Act properties. In addition to the scenic resources of statewide significance listed above, the visual study area also includes areas that are regionally or locally significant, sensitive to visual impacts, and/or receive significant public/recreational use. These include population centers, local parks, lakes, campgrounds, state forests, golf courses, schools, churches, cemeteries, and transportation corridors. The VIA includes an evaluation of the potential visibility of the Project based on viewshed analysis, field verification, and preparation of representative visual simulations. The visual simulations (included as Appendix B) provide representative views of the potential visual effect of the Project from a variety of distances and settings within the study area (see Figure 4 for results of viewshed analyses and locations of simulated viewpoints). The methods used to generate these analyses are described in the Project’s VIA and summarized briefly herein. Two five-mile radius topographic viewsheds were mapped, one to illustrate “worst case” daytime visibility (based on a maximum blade tip height of 479 feet, or 146 meters, above existing grade) and the other to illustrate potential nighttime visibility of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) warning lights (based on an assumed height for the lights on top of the nacelle of 315 feet, or 96 meters, above existing grade, and the conservative assumption that all turbines could be equipped with FAA warning lights). The viewshed analyses are based on the combined potential screening effect of both topography and mapped forest vegetation. The vegetation viewshed is based on the assumption that in most forested areas, outward views will be well screened by the overhead tree canopy. During the growing season the forest canopy will fully block views of the proposed turbines, and s uch views will typically be almost completely obscured, or at least significantly screened by tree trunks and branches, even under “leaf-off” conditions. Because it accounts for the screening provided by mapped forest stands, the vegetation viewshed is a more accurate representation of potential Project visibility. Visual effects analysis based on daytime and nighttime topographic viewsheds is depicted in Figure 4 (Sheet 1 – Potential Daytime Turbine Visibility and Sheet 2 – Potential Nighttime Turbine Visibility). Field review confirmed that actual Project visibility is likely to be even more limited than suggested by viewshed mapping. This is due to the fact that trees within the study area provide more extensive and effective screening than assumed in these analyses (e.g., vegetation is more extensive than indicated on the USGS NLCD, and often taller than 40 feet in height). The result is that certain sites/areas where "potential" visibility was indicated by viewshed mapping were actually well screened from views of the proposed Project. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 7 Field review also confirmed a lack of visibility (due the screening effects of adjacent buildings and/or vegetation) from areas that were heavily forested and from hamlet centers. Sites of statewide significance where field review confirmed lack of visibility (due the screening effects of adjacent buildings and/or vegetation) included the NRHP-listed Newfield Covered Bridge, Enfield Falls Mill, and Miller’s House, as well as Robert H. Treman State Park, and forested portions of the Finger Lakes Trail (HMMH, 2013; 2014). According to the NYSDEC Visual Policy, simple visibility of the Project from any of the viewing locations does not imply detrimental effect to the beauty or structure. The policy specifically states “Aesthetic impact occurs when there is a detrimental effect on the perceived beauty of a place or structure. Significant aesthetic impacts are those that may cause a diminishment of the public enjoyment and appreciation of an inventoried resource, or one that impairs the character or quality of such a place. Proposed large facilities by themselves should not be a trigger for declaration of significance. Instead, a project by virtue of its siting in a visual proximity to an inventoried resource may lead staff to conclude that there may be a significant impact” (NYSDEC, 2000). Photo simulations prepared as part of the VIA (and included as Appendix B of this report) provide representative views of the proposed Project from various distances and directions within the visual study area. The VIA concluded that these views do not meet the NYSDEC criteria for significant aesthetic impacts, that the turbines will not have a detrimental effect on the perceived beauty of a place of aesthetic resources of statewide significance, and will not cause a diminishment of the public enjoyment of such resources (HMMH, 2013; 2014). Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 8 3.0 HISTORIC RESOURCES VISUAL EFFECTS ANALYSIS 3.1 Potential Effect on Historic Resources Construction of the Project will not require the demolition or physical alteration of any buildings or other potential historic resources. No direct physical impacts to historic-architectural resources will occur as a result of the Project. The Federal Regulations entitled “Protection of Historic Resources” (36 CFR 800) include in Section 800.5(2) a discussion of potential adverse effects on historic resources. The following types of effects apply to wind energy projects include: “Adverse effects on historic properties include, but are not limited to: [items i-iii do not apply]; (iv) Change of the character of the property’s use or of physical features within the property's setting that contribute to its historic significance; (v) Introduction of visual, atmospheric or audible elements that diminish the integrity of the property's significant historic features; [items vi-vii do not apply]” (CFR, 2004b). The implementing regulations for New York State Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Law, Section 14.09 (9NYCRR §428.7) state: a. In determining whether an undertaking will have an adverse impact on eligible or register property, the commissioner shall consider whether the undertaking is likely to cause: 1. destruction or alteration of all or part of the property; 2. isolation or alteration of the property's environment; 3. introduction of visual, audible or atmospheric elements which are out of character with the property or alter its setting; 4. neglect of the property resulting in its deterioration or destruction. The Project’s potential effect on a given historic property would be a change (resulting from the introduction of wind turbines) in the property’s visual setting. As it pertains to historic properties, setting is defined as “the physical environment of a historic property” and is one of seven aspects of a property’s integrity, which refers to the “ability of a property to convey its significance” (NPS, 1990:44-45). The other aspects of integrity include location, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association (NPS, 1990). The potential effect resulting from the introduction of wind turbines into the visual setting for any historic or architecturally significant property is dependent on a number of factors including distance, visual dominance, orientation of views, viewer context and activity, and the types and density Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 9 of modern features in the existing view (such as buildings/residences, overhead electrical transmission lines, cellular towers, billboards, highways, and silos). 3.2 Visual Effects Analysis As described in Section 2.3, the potential visibility and visual impact of the proposed Project is evaluated in the Project’s VIA (HMMH, 2013; 2014). The potential visibility of the Project from the identified historic resources within the study area is summarized in Table 3 (see following pages) and depicted in Figure 4. The number of turbines potentially visible from each historic property within the study area (considering the effects of screening provided by mapped forest vegetation) is listed in Table 3. The visual effects analysis shown on Figure 4 includes analysis of potential visibility of the Project in daytime (Sheet 1) as well as nighttime (Sheet 2). It is important to note that because screening provided by buildings and street/yard trees, as well as characteristics of the proposed turbines that influence visibility (color, narrow profile, distance from viewer, etc.), are not taken into consideration in the viewshed analyses, being within the viewshed does not necessarily equate to actual Project visibility. Field review of potential Project visibility conducted as part of the VIA (HMMH, 2013; 2014) for the Project verified that visual screening provided by existing buildings, yard trees, and other objects limit views of the Project from many areas where viewshed mapping suggests the Project is potentially visible, especially within vi llage and hamlet settings. The visibility analysis presented in Table 3 includes the distance from each historic resource to the nearest turbine. Three distinct distance zones were defined in the Project’s VIA, as follows:  Foreground: 0 to 0.5 mile. At these distances, a viewer is able to perceive details of an object with clarity. Surface textures, small features, and the full intensity and value of color can be seen on foreground objects.  Middleground: 0.5 to 4.0 miles. The middleground is usually the predominant distance at which landscapes are seen. At these distances a viewer can perceive individual structures and trees but not in great detail. This is the zone where the parts of the landscape start to join together; individual hills become a range, individual trees merge into a forest, and buildings appear as simple geometric forms. Colors will be clearly distinguishable, but will have a bluish cast and a softer tone than those in the foreground. Contrast in color and texture among landscape elements will also be reduced. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 10  Background: Over 4.0 miles. The background defines the broader regional landscape within which a view occurs. Within this distance zone, the landscape has been simplified; only broad landforms are discernible, and atmospheric conditions often render the landscape an overall bluish color. Texture has generally disappeared and color has flattened, but large patterns of vegetation are discernible. Silhouettes of one land mass set against another and/or the skyline are often the dominant visual characteristics in the background. The background contributes to scenic quality by providing a softened background for foreground and mid- ground features, an attractive vista, or a distant focal point. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 11 Table 3. Visual Effects Analysis for Historic Resources Site Identifier National Register Eligible Property National Register Eligibility Determination Distance to Nearest Turbine (miles) # of Turbines Visible (per Blade tip Viewshed – Daytime) # of Turbines Visible (per Nacelle Viewshed – Nighttime) Nearest Visual Simulation (Viewpoint #) 109.04.000031 215 Connecticut Hill Road (Noble House), Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 0.4 6 5 17 N/A 3440 McIntyre Road, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 0.7 0 0 64 N/A 235 Harvey Hill Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 0.8 7 7 57 95NR00761 174 Enfield Main Road (Enfield Baptist Church), Hamlet of Enfield NRHP-Eligible 2.3 0 0 57 109.04.000012 4 Stone House Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 2.8 0 0 56 95NR00761 NY Route 228, Structure #20 (residence), Town of Hector, Schuyler County, (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 2.9 0 0 34 109.08.000034 NY Route 228, Structure #26 (Chiment residence ca. 1800), Town of Hector, Schuyler County, (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 3.1 0 0 34 097.01.000002 2725 McIntyre Road (Judge William Lawrence House), Town of Catharine Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.4 0 0 64 N/A 785 Bostwick Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.4 0 0 56 90NR02242 Enfield Falls Mill and Miller’s House, Robert H. Treman State Park NRHP-Listed 3.4 0 0 56 N/A 560 Van Dorn Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.5 0 0 56 N/A 60 Colegrove Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.8 0 0 56 N/A 6085 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 0 0 35 109.08.000038 NY Route 228, Structure #15 (residence), Town of Catharine, Schuyler County, (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 3.8 0 0 64 097.01.000003 2800 NY Route 228 (Lawrence Homestead), Town of Catharine Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.8 0 0 64 N/A 6083 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 0 0 35 N/A 6063B Turnpike Road (Former Mecklenburg Presbyterian Church), Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 4 1 35 N/A 6063A Turnpike Road Mecklenburg Methodist Church), Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 3 0 35 N/A Carman Road (Perry City Friends Cemetery), Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 7 4 35 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 12 Site Identifier National Register Eligible Property National Register Eligibility Determination Distance to Nearest Turbine (miles) # of Turbines Visible (per Blade tip Viewshed – Daytime) # of Turbines Visible (per Nacelle Viewshed – Nighttime) Nearest Visual Simulation (Viewpoint #) Town of Hector N/A 6079 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 3.9 0 0 35 N/A 6076 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 0 0 35 097.04.000083 4627 Steve Street, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 0 0 35 109.04.000013 896 Hayts Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 2 0 48 N/A 81 Applegate Road (Rolfe Cemetery), Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 7 7 48 N/A 2806 NY Route 228 (Lawrence Memorial Chapel and Cemetery), Town of Catharine Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.0 0 0 64 N/A 5980 Turnpike Road, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.1 0 0 35 109.08.000033 1504 NY Rte 13 Farmhouse, Town of Newfield NRHP-Eligible 4.6 0 0 54 109.04.000015 581 Bostwick Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.2 0 0 56 N/A 4735 Williams Road, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.3 7 7 35 99NR01549 Newfield Covered Bridge, Hamlet of Newfield NRHP-Listed 4.3 0 0 54 N/A 5885 NY Route 79, Town of Hector Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.3 0 0 35 109.04.000052 190 Applegate Road (Joseph Rolfe House), Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.4 0 0 48 N/A 90 Vankirk Road, Town of Newfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 6 4 38 N/A 647 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 1 1 35 N/A 635 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 7 6 35 109.08.000082 368 Main Street, Hamlet of Newfield NRHP-Eligible 4.2 0 0 54 N/A 629 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 4 3 35 N/A 8480 Iradell Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 3 3 35 N/A 613 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.6 1 0 48 N/A 7476 Iradell Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.7 0 0 48 109.08.000030 NY Route 228, Structure #11 (residence), Town of Catharine, Schuyler County, (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 4.8 0 0 64 N/A 3031 Podunk Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.8 1 0 48 109.08.000029 NY Route 228, Structure #10 (Van Lone barn), Town of Catharine, Schuyler County, (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 4.8 0 0 64 N/A 3011 Halseyville Road, Town of Ulysses Recommended NRHP-Eligible 4.9 7 7 48 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 13 Site Identifier National Register Eligible Property National Register Eligibility Determination Distance to Nearest Turbine (miles) # of Turbines Visible (per Blade tip Viewshed – Daytime) # of Turbines Visible (per Nacelle Viewshed – Nighttime) Nearest Visual Simulation (Viewpoint #) N/A 449 Iradell Road, Town of Enfield Recommended NRHP-Eligible 5.0 7 7 48 109.08.000028 NY Route 228, Structure #8 (residence), Town of Catharine, Schuyler County, (Location is approximate, may have been demolished) NRHP-Eligible (District) 4.9 0 0 64 Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 14 As indicated in Table 3, views of the Project will be screened by topography and/or vegetation from 30 of the 46 extant historic resources within the study area. There is one resource located less than 0.5-mile from the Project (i.e., where the Project would be a feature in the foreground) and there are 24 resources located between 0.5 and 4.0 miles from the Project (i.e., where the Project would be a feature in the middleground). The Project will be visible from only six of these resources. In addition, there are 21 resources located more than 4.0 miles from the Project (i.e., resources where the Project would be a feature in the background) – 10 of these have potential views of the Project. As described in the VIA (HMMH, 2013; 2014), the Project will result in generally greater visual contrast from vantage points located close to the turbines, where the turbines appear larger, and that provide relatively open views that feature multiple turbines. The potential visual effect of the Project on the visual setting associated with historic resources will generally be greater for resources where the Project is featured in the foreground and/or near middleground (i.e., within approximately two miles) of the view. One historic resource (the Noble House, 215 Connecticut Hill Road, Town of Enfield) recommended to be NRHP- eligible is located within 0.5 miles of the proposed turbines, and will feature turbines in the foreground of views of and from the site. In addition, there is one historic property identified in the Phase 1B building survey (235 Harvey Hill Road, in the Town of Enfield) that is located between 0.5 and two miles of the Project, which will provide near middleground views of the Project. The visual impact of the Project will generally be more apparent from these properties because the turbines will appear larger and may be perceived as out of context compared to other features in the existing landscape. Representative views of the visual effect of the Project from locations with foreground and near- middleground views are shown in Appendix B: Viewpoints 17, 18, 38, 54, 57, 63 and 64.1 At these locations, the turbines appear as the tallest structure on the horizon and disproportionate to other objects within view such as trees or buildings. The photo simulations of the Project from viewpoints that feature the Project in the more distant middleground (i.e., 2.0 to 4.0 miles) show that the turbines will still be readily apparent; however, the scale and dominance begin to lessen as one moves further away from the turbines, and topography and vegetation play a greater role in screening potential views. This is shown in Viewpoints 34, 56, and 62. From background distances (i.e., beyond 4 miles), the perceived visual impact becomes less due to increasing distance and screening by topography, tree lines, and structures. As shown in the viewshed analysis, the number of locations 1 Viewpoints 17 and 57 were taken in the vicinity of two historic resources: 215 Connecticut Hill Road (VP 17) and 235 Harvey Hill Road (VP 57). Photosimulations from these viewpoints (included in Appendix B) approximate the view of the Project from these resources. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 15 with potential views of the turbines is much less compared to the areas with potential middleground and foreground views. In addition, weather conditions such as haze and cloud cover (when applicable) are more likely to obscure views of the turbines at these distances. This is shown in Viewpoints 35 and 48 (Williamee Road and Rolfe Cemetery). At both these locations, views of multiple turbines are available. However, the topography and forest vegetation tends to screen some or part of the turbines, thereby reducing the impact of the Project. In addition, views from these roadway locations will be primarily available to commuters, for whom potential turbine views will be brief in duration. The photo simulations demonstrate that the visual impact of the Project will be highly variable based on landscape setting, the extent of the screening (e.g., buildings, trees, or terrain), presence of other natural or man-made features in the view, the distance of the viewer from the Project, weather conditions, and sensitivity of the viewer to change. When characterizing the Project visibility, there are a number of factors involved when analyzing the impact and compatibility of the Project with the existing environment. Some of the factors include: landscape setting, visible horizon, contrast and color, and scale. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 16 4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4.1 Summary of Historic-Architectural Resources Survey Results Per the SHPO Wind Guidelines, the APE for visual impacts on historic properties for wind projects is defined as those areas within five miles of proposed turbines which are within the potential viewshed (based on topography) of the project (NYSOPRHP, 2006). A total of 46 resources were inventoried as part of the historic resources survey. The results of the s urvey are as follows:  Two properties (the Enfield Falls Mill and Miller’s House, and Newfield Covered Bridge) listed on the NRHP are located within the APE.  There are nine properties located within the APE that have been previously determined eligible by NYSOPRHP. Six of these properties comprise a potential historic district along NY Route 228 in the Town of Hector, and three are individually eligible.  There are 35 additional properties within the APE that are recommended in the Phase 1B historic resources survey to be NRHP-eligible (Carter and Hohman, 2013). Twenty-six of these properties are recommended individually eligible, and nine are contributing properties to a proposed historic district (the Iradell Road Farmsteads Historic District). 4.2 Summary of Project’s Potential Effect on Historic Resources Construction of the Project will not require the demolition or physical alteration of any buildings or other potential historic resources. No direct physical impacts to historic-architectural resources will occur as a result of the Project. Per Section 14.09 of the New York State Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Law, the “introduction of visual, audible, or atmospheric elements which are out of character with [a historic property] or alter its setting” needs to be considered when determining whether an undertaking will have an adverse impact on historic resources (9NYCRR §428.7). The Project’s potential effect on historic resources would be a change (resulting from the introduction of wind turbines) in the visual setting associated with a given historic resource. The potential effect of the Project on the visual setting associated with historic resources is highly variable, and is dependent on a number of factors including the distance to the project, the number of visible turbines, the extent to which the Project is screened or partially screened by buildings, trees, or other objects, and the amount of existing visual clutter and/or modern intrusions in the view. It is also worth noting that visual setting may or may not be an important factor contributing to a given property’s historical Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 17 significance. Scenic views and/or association with the landscape are not specifically identified as contributing to the significance of any of the historic resources in the study area. In general, the scale and character of the wind turbines will result in a more significant effect on the setting associated with historic resources located in close proximity to the Project (i.e., within approximately two miles) and will generally result in less significant effects on properties where the turbines are features in the distant middleground or background of the view. Visual simulations included in Appendix B illustrate the potential visual effect of the turbines at various distances and from representative visual settings within the APE. Consideration of the screening effects of topography and forest vegetation in the viewshed analyses indicates that views of the Project will be completely screened from the two NRHP-listed sites in the APE, all nine properties previously determined NRHP-eligible, and 18 of the 35 properties recommended by PAF to be NRHP-eligible. However, the viewshed analysis does not take into account screening that would be provided by buildings, street trees, yard vegetation, or other objects that could screen views of the Project from many locations (especially in urban, village, and hamlet settings). In addition, characteristics of the proposed turbines that influence visibility (color, narrow profile, distance from viewer, etc.), are not taken consideration in the viewshed analyses , so actual visibility of the Project is expected to be significantly less than indicated by viewshed mapping. According to the viewshed model, 30 of the 46 historic resources surveyed will have no views of the Project due to screening from topography and vegetation. All of the remaining 16 historic resources with views of the Project are recommended to be NRHP-eligible per the Phase 1B historic resources survey. Seven of these resources will have views of the entire Project. One of these seven properties is located between 0.5-mile and one mile of the Project and the remaining six resources are located 3.9 miles or more from the Project. Of the 16 properties that will have views of some portion of the Project, two are located within one mile of the Project. The potential visual effect of the Project on the setting associated with these properties is greater relative to resources with views of the Project that are located further away, due to the proximity and perceived scale of the turbines. However, the actual visibility of the Project from these resources varies in terms of the number of turbines potentially visible and the extent of existing screening at each site. It is worth noting that visibility of a project does not necessarily indicate that an adverse effect will occur. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) guidance concerning visual impacts on aesthetic resources of statewide significance (which include NRHP-listed and NRHP-eligible structures) defines significant aesthetic impacts as those “that may cause a diminishment of the public enjoyment and appreciation of an inventoried resources, or one that impairs the character or quality of such a place… Mere visibility, even startling visibility of a Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 18 project proposal, should not be a threshold for decision making. Instead a project, by virtue of its visibility, must clearly interfere with or reduce the public’s enjoyment and/or appreciation of the appearance of an inventoried resource” (NYSDEC, 2000:5). In addition, visual setting may not be an important factor contributing to a given property’s historical significance. For instance, in most cases rural residential and farmstead properties in New York are determined NRHP-eligible under NRHP Criterion C (i.e., they “embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction” [CFR, 2004b]). These properties are typically determined NRHP-eligible because they are representative examples of vernacular nineteenth-century architectural styles that retain their overall integrity of design and materials. These properties would retain the characteristics that caused them to be recommended eligible after the introduction of wind turbines and/or a transmission line into their visual settings. For these types of resources, the potential change in the setting resulting from the Project will not necessarily result in diminished public enjoyment and appreciation of a given historic property, or impair its character or quality (per NYSDEC, 2000, see above). 4.3 Conclusion and Recommendations The Project’s potential effect on historic properties is minimal (relative to other wind projects) due to the small scale of the Project, the relatively small number (seven) of proposed turbines, the limited geographic extent of the Project, the relative scarcity and low density of historic resources in the APE, and the small number (16) of historic resources with potential views of the Project. However, of the 16 historic properties that will have views of the Project, two are located within one mile of the Project. The potential visual effect of the Project on the setting associated with these properties is greater relative to resources with views of the Project that are located further away, due to the proximity and perceived scale of the turbines. Mitigation options are limited, given the nature of the Project and its siting criteria (very tall structures typically loc ated in open fields at the highest locally available elevations). Mitigation for impacts to historic properties therefore typically consist of projects that benefit historic properties and/or the public’s appreciation of historic resources to offset potential impacts to historic properties resulting from the introduction of wind turbines into their visual setting. Mitigation projects that have been proposed for other wind energy projects in New York State have included activities such as additional historic resources surveys, NRHP nominations, monetary contributions to historic property restoration causes, development of heritage tourism promotional materials, development of educational materials and lesson plans, and development of public history materials, such as roadside markers. Any required mitigation measures for the Black Oak Wind Farm should be scaled relative to the Project’s anticipated minima l impact on historic properties. Potential mitigation projects would need to be defined and developed in consultation with the SEQRA Lead Agency and NYSOPRHP. Black Oak Wind Farm Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis 19 5.0 REFERENCES Carter, C.C. and C.D. Hohman. 2013. Phase 1B Historic Building Survey, Black Oak Windfarm Project, Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York. Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 2004a. 36 CFR 800 – Protection of Historic Properties [incorporating amendments effective August 5, 2004]. http://www.achp.gov/regs-rev04.pdf. CFR. 2004b. Title 36 - Parks, Forests, and Public Property, Chapter I - National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Part 60 - National Register of Historic Places, Section 60.4 - Criteria For Evaluation. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title36/36cfr60_main_02.tpl. Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, and Environmental Services, D.P.C. (EDR). 2013a. Phase 1A Cultural Resources Survey, Black Oak Wind Farm, Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York. February 2013. EDR. 2013b. Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the Black Oak Wind Farm, Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York. April 2013. HMMH. 2013. Visual Impact Assessment, Black Oak Wind Project. Prepared for Black Oak Wind LLC. HMMH Report No. 304750.0. March 2013. HMMH. 2014. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project. Prepared for Black Oak Wind LLC. HMMH Report No. 306590.002. March 2014. National Park Service (NPS). 1990. How to Apply the National Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Bulletin No. 15. National Register Branch, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/pdfs/nrb15.pdf. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). 2000. Assessing and Mitigating Visual Impacts. Program Policy DEP-00-2. Division of Environmental Permits, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY. NYSOPRHP. 2006. New York State Historic Preservation Office Guidelines for Wind Farm Development Cultural Resources Survey Work. New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation, Waterford, NY. Figures Project Location UV434 UV88 UV417 UV367 UV49 UV221 UV287 UV21 UV38A UV11A UV5 UV318 UV427 UV34B UV352 UV223 UV328 UV392 UV173 UV281 UV858 UV245 UV706 UV4014 UV415 UV467 UV41A UV549 UV96B UV226 UV80 UV17C UV414 UV13 UV224 UV54A UV50 UV96A UV41 UV79 UV54 UV187 UV17 UV38UV14 UV14A UV89 UV31 UV34 UV96 UV90 £¤15 £¤220£¤6 £¤20 £¤11 §¨¦690 §¨¦86 §¨¦481 §¨¦81 §¨¦90 Cortland Canandaigua Geneva Corning Auburn Elmira Ithaca Syracuse BRADFORDCOUNTY SUSQUEHANNACOUNTY TIOGACOUNTY BROOMECOUNTY CAYUGACOUNTY CHEMUNGCOUNTY CORTLANDCOUNTY ONONDAGACOUNTY ONTARIOCOUNTY SCHUYLERCOUNTY SENECACOUNTY STEUBENCOUNTY TIOGACOUNTY TOMPKINSCOUNTY WAYNECOUNTY YATESCOUNTY NEW YORKPENNSYLVANIA www.edrdpc.com µ Black Oak Wind FarmTown of Enfield - Tompkins County, New York Figure 1: Regional Project Location Notes: Basemap: ESRI StreetMap North America, 2008 0 5 102.5 Miles July 2014 &=! &=! &=! &=! &=! &=! &=!S County Line RdRobert Treman State ParkTower RdWe a t h e r b y R d Gr i f f in R dBlack Oak RdH a r ve y H i l l R d Cayutaville Rd CR 13 6 Source: Esri, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, GeoEye, Getmapping,Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, and the GIS User Community www.edrdpc.com µ Black Oak Wind FarmTown of Enfield, Tompkins County Figure 2: Proposed Project Layout Notes: Basemap: ESRI ArcGIS Online "World Imagery" Map Service. 0 1,000 2,000500Feet July 2014 &=!Wind Turbine Access Road Public Road Project Site &=! &=! &=! &=! &=! &=! &=! Copyright:© 2011 National Geographic Society, i-cubed www.edrdpc.com µ Black Oak Wind FarmTown of Enfield, Tompkins County Figure 3: Study Area Notes: Basemap: ESRI ArcGIS Online "Topo Maps" Map Service. 0 1 20.5 Miles July 2014 &=!Wind Turbine Project Site 5 Mile Study Area " " " """" "" " "" "" " " """""" "" " " " " " " " """" " ! !! ! ! ! ! Perry City Friends Cemetery NY Route 228,Structure #15 5885 NY 79 2800 Rt 2282806 SR 228 Rolfe Cemetery 896 Hayts Road 449 Iradell Road 90 Vankirk Road 60 Colegrove Road560 Van Dorn Road 785 Bostwick Road 581 Bostwick Road 2725 McIntyre Road 4 Stone House Road 4735 Williams Road 190 Applegate Road 3440 McIntyre Road 235 Harvey Hill Road 3011 Halseyville Road 215 Connecticut Hill Road 368 Main Street 1504 NY Route 13 Enfield BaptistChurch NY Route 228,Structure #8 NY Route 228, Structure #20 NY Route 228, Structure #11 NY Route 228, Structure #10 (Van Lone Barn) NY Route 228,Structure #26(Chiment residence)Enfield Falls Mill and Miller's House Newfield Covered Bridge 38 48 1718 34 35 54 5657 62 63 64 Copyright:© 2011 National Geographic Society, i-cubed µ0 5,000 10,0002,500 Feet Black Oak Wind Farm Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York Sheet 1: Potential Daytime Turbine Visibility Considering Topography and Vegetation Notes:1. Basemap: ESRI ArcGIS Online "Topo Maps" Map Service.2. Viewshed Analysis provided by Harris, Miller, Miller, and Hanson Inc.3. Historic Resources Survey data provided by Public Archaeology Facility, Inc.4. Potential turbine visibility based on combined screening effect of topography and mapped forest vegetation. Analysis based on maximum blade-tip height of 146 meters/479 feet. July 2014 ww w.e dr d pc .co m " " " " " " "" 6085 NY 79 6083 NY 796079 NY 79 6076 NY 794627 Steve Street5980 Turnpike Road Methodist Church 6063A Turnpike Road Former Presbyterian Church 6063B Turnpike Road Copyright:© 2011 National GeographicSociety, i-cubed " " " " " "" 8480IradellRoad 647IradellRoad 613IradellRoad 7476IradellRoad 3031PodunkRoad 629IradellRoad 635IradellRoad Copyright:© 2011 National GeographicSociety, i-cubed Inset 1 Inset 2 See Inset 2 See Inset 1 !Wind Turbine NRHP-Eligible Sites "Historic Survey Results Viewpoint Simulation Locations NRHP-Listed Sites 5 Mile Study Area Number of Turbines Potentially Visible 1 Turbine 2 Turbines 3 Turbines 4 Turbines 5 Turbines 6 Turbines 7 Turbines Figure 4: Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis Foreground (< 0.5-mile) Middleground (0.5 to 4.0 miles) Background (> 4.0 miles) 0 400 800200 Feet 0 1,000 2,000500 Feet " " " """" "" " "" "" " " """""" "" " " " " " " " """" " ! !! ! ! ! ! Perry City Friends Cemetery NY Route 228, Structure #15 5885 NY 79 2800 Rt 2282806 SR 228 Rolfe Cemetery 896 Hayts Road 449 Iradell Road 90 Vankirk Road 60 Colegrove Road560 Van Dorn Road 785 Bostwick Road 581 Bostwick Road 2725 McIntyre Road 4 Stone House Road 4735 Williams Road 190 Applegate Road 3440 McIntyre Road 235 Harvey Hill Road 3011 Halseyville Road 215 Connecticut Hill Road Enfield Falls Mill and Miller's House Newfield Covered Bridge 368 Main Street 1504 NY Route 13 Enfield Baptist Church NY Route 228, Structure #8 NY Route 228, Structure #20 NY Route 228, Structure #11 NY Route 228, Structure #10 (Van Lone Barn) NY Route 228, Structure #26 (Chiment residence) 64 63 62 57 56 54 35 34 18 17 48 38 Copyright:© 2011 National Geographic Society, i-cubed µ0 5,000 10,0002,500 Feet Black Oak Wind Farm Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York Figure 4: Historic Resources Visual Effects Analysis July 2014 ww w.e dr d pc .co m !Wind Turbine NRHP-Eligible Sites "Historic Survey Results Viewpoint Simulation Locations NRHP-Listed Sites 5 Mile Study Area Number of Turbines Potentially Visible 1 Turbine 2 Turbines 3 Turbines 4 Turbines 5 Turbines 6 Turbines 7 Turbines " " " " " " "" 6085 NY 79 6083 NY 796079 NY 79 6076 NY 794627 Steve Street5980 Turnpike Road Methodist Church 6063A Turnpike Road Former Presbyterian Church 6063B Turnpike Road Copyright:© 2011 National GeographicSociety, i-cubed " " " " " "" 8480IradellRoad 647IradellRoad 613IradellRoad 7476IradellRoad 3031PodunkRoad 629IradellRoad 635IradellRoad Copyright:© 2011 National GeographicSociety, i-cubed Inset 1 Inset 2 See Inset 2 See Inset 1 Sheet 2: Potential Nighttime Turbine Visibility Considering Topography and Vegetation Notes:1. Basemap: ESRI ArcGIS Online "Topo Maps" Map Service.2. Viewshed Analysis provided by Harris, Miller, Miller, and Hanson Inc.3. Historic Resources Survey data provided by Public Archaeology Facility, Inc.4. Potential turbine visibility based on combined screening effect of topography and mapped forest vegetation. Analysis based on approximate height of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) warning light (or the hub height of 96 meters/315 feet. Foreground (< 0.5-mile) Middleground (0.5 to 4.0 miles) Background (> 4.0 miles) 0 400 800200 Feet 0 1,000 2,000500 Feet Appendix A: NYSOPRHP Correspondence Appendix B: Visual Simulations (prepared by Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. [HMMH]) HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-3 Figure A1 Photosimulation PS#17 at The Noble House Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-5 Figure A2 Photosimulation PS#17 at The Noble House Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-7 Figure A3 Photosimulation PS#48 at Rolfe Cemetery Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-9 Figure A4 Photosimulation PS#48 at Rolfe Cemetery Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-11 Figure A5 Photosimulation PS#34 at Farm Hill Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-13 Figure A6 Photosimulation PS#34 at Farm Hill Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-15 Figure A7 Photosimulation PS#35 at Williamee Road Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-17 Figure A8 Photosimulation PS#35 at Williamee Road Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-19 Figure A9 Photosimulation PS#57 at Harvey Hill Road and Rothermich Road Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-21 Figure A10 Photosimulation PS#57 at Harvey Hill Road and Rothermich Road Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-23 Figure A11 Photosimulation PS#64 at Chapman Road Farm Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-25 Figure A12 Photosimulation PS#64 at Chapman Road Farm Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-27 Figure A13 Photosimulation PS#79 at 555 Black Oak Road Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-29 Figure A14 Photosimulation PS#79 at 555 Black Oak Road Simulation HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-31 Figure A15 Photosimulation PS#79 at 555 Black Oak Road Original Image HARRIS MILLER MILLER &HANSON INC. Revised Visual Impact Assessment for Black Oak Wind Farm Project March 31, 2014 Page A-33 Figure A16 Photosimulation PS#79 at Black Oak Road Simulation