Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix_N_-_Ecological_Report.pdf field report 1_2012-01-30_Ecological Report.docx Project: Black Oak Wind Power Project edr Project No: 11060 Date: December 9, 2011 Persons Present: Nate Butera, Jim Pippin and Eric Lockard Comments: In support of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the proposed Black Oak Wind Power Project (Project) located in the Town of Enfield, Tompkins County, New York, edr Companies (edr), on behalf of Enfield Energy performed an ecological survey in accordance with the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) environmental review process. The Study Area for the field analysis is restricted to only those parcels where current participants involved in the Project granted edr permission to access their property. Information on the plant and wildlife species, ecological communities, wetlands and streams likely to occur on the Project site was collected by consulting existing data sources and through reconnaissance-level field surveys. edr Staff Ecologists Jim Pippin and Nate Butera, performed site visits in support of the ecological survey on October 19th and 20th, and December 8th 2011. These site visits were the primary means of documenting ecological communities along with species of plants and wildlife on the Project site. Wildlife observations were recorded visually as well as auditory (i.e. bird calls). Mammals were identified through direct observation of species and/or their sign (tracks, droppings, bones, etc.). Reptiles and amphibians that might occur on-site, even though the time of year was not optimal for amphibian sightings, were identified through on-site investigation of appropriate ecological communities (i.e., wooded areas, wetlands, and streams). In searching for snakes and salamanders, rocks, logs and man-made debris were turned over and examined. Ecological communities/wildlife habitat areas were identified based on aerial photographs and field reconnaissance. During fieldwork, vegetative cover (over story, under story and ground cover) was categorized in terms of species composition and structural character. The presence or absence of specific habitat elements (e.g., standing and fallen deadwood, rock piles, mast sources etc.) was also noted. Categorization of the various ecological community types is consistent with the descriptions of Ecological Communities of New York State (Reschke, 1990). A map was created after field visits concluded that reflected the approximate boundaries of ecological communities and wetlands (See Figure 1). Threatened and Endangered Species edr did not conduct a site specific threatened and endangered species survey to assess the presence, or lack thereof, of one vascular plant and six birds species listed in the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s (NYSDEC) Natural Heritage Program (NHP) database. The NHP’s database indicated the presence Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 2 of the state-listed endangered plant species Hooker’s orchid (Platanthera hookeri), and the state-listed threatened bird species bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Henslow’s sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), and the state-listed endangered species short-eared owl (Asio flammeus). The NHP listing for Hooker’s orchid is a historical record dating back to 1916. In 2005, NHP conducted a survey for Hooker’s orchid at the known location within the vicinity of the Project site. No specimens of this species were observed at that location due to degraded habitat. Observations were not made during the fall 2011 edr site visits which coincided with the fruiting period for Hooker’s orchid. NHP lists six threatened and endangered avian species occurring within 10 miles of the Project site. The presence or lack thereof, of these species is being evaluated in the Project’s avian studies. Specific surveys for these species were not conducted on-site nor were any observations of these species made during site visits. Wetlands Wetland A Wetland A consists of a perennial stream, intermittent stream, shallow emergent marsh and scrub-shrub wetland communities. The perennial stream was approximately 2-3 feet wide with a bedrock substrate, undercut banks, and a narrow riparian corridor extending west from Black Oak Road. Surrounding upland is northern deciduous forest bound to the north by an active agricultural field (corn) and to the south by a recently mowed old field. At the time of the site visit, water depth was recorded at approximately 2-3 inches. The intermittent stream is relatively narrow, (1-2 feet), with a cobble substrate that flows from a farm pond centrally located between proposed Turbine locations 8 and 9. This pond is indicated on the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) wetland mapping. The scrub-shrub and emergent wetland communities are mixed within a broad area downslope from the pond extending west toward a northern deciduous forest. Dominant vegetation in these wetlands included soft rush (Juncus effusus), Joe-pye weed (Eupatorium maculatum), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus), willow (Salix sp.), speckled alder (Alnus rugosa) and red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea). Wetland A is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). Wetland B Wetland B is a scrub-shrub wetland located approximately 100 yards north of Wetland A. Vegetation in Wetland B consists of willow, speckled alder, red maple (Acer rubrum) saplings, and red-osier dogwood. Hydrology appears to be from groundwater recharge and surface water runoff from surrounding uplands. At the time of the site visit there was approximately one inch of standing water present. The surrounding upland is primarily successional old field. Wetland B is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 3 Wetland C Wetland C is an intermittent stream located immediately to the south of the on-site scrap yard (Teet’s). The stream is approximately 2 feet wide with a cobble substrate and at the time of the site visit there was approximately 3 inches of flowing water observed. The hydrology source appears to be primarily from runoff associated with the adjacent scrap yard. The scrap yard and a nearby successional old field comprise the adjacent uplands. Wetland C is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland D Wetland D is a wet meadow located immediately to the east of Black Oak Road at an alternate access road location. Dominant vegetation in Wetland D consisted of goldenrods (Solidago spp.), soft rush, wool grass and broad-leaf cattail (Typha latifolia.). At the time of the site visit there was approximately 2 inches of standing water present. Hydrology appears to be from groundwater recharge and sheet flow from Black Oak Road. Surrounding uplands are successional old field and mowed lawn. Wetland D is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland E Wetland E is located north of Connecticut Hill Road on the proposed access road to Turbines 10 and 11. This wetland is comprised of several different wetland/stream communities including a perennial stream, intermittent stream and shallow emergent marsh wetland. The hydrology source to the intermittent stream is discharge from drain tiles and surface water runoff from adjacent agricultural fields. The width of the intermittent stream was noted at 6 inches with a cobble substrate and approximately 4 inches of flowing water at the time of the site visit. The intermittent stream flows into a perennial stream associated with Wetland E. The perennial stream is approximately 4-6 feet wide with cobble substrate, overhanging vegetation and had approximately 10 inches of flowing water at the time of the site visit. The shallow emergent marsh is located at the confluence of the intermittent and perennial streams. Vegetation in this area consisted of cattails and sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). There was approximately 2 inches of standing water and hydrologic input appears to be from surface water runoff from the adjacent agricultural fields and from the intermittent and perennial streams. Surrounding uplands include active agriculture and successional shrubland (hedgerow). Wetland E is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland F Wetland F is comprised of a shallow emergent marsh and intermittent stream located approximately 100 yards north of Wetland E on the southeast corner of an agricultural field. The shallow emergent marsh is the source of the intermittent stream which flows north from the small marsh along a hedgerow between two agricultural fields. Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 4 Dominant vegetation consists primarily of cattails. Hydrologic input to both the shallow marsh and stream is primarily surface water runoff from surrounding agricultural fields. Wetland F is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland G Wetland G is an agricultural ditch and appears to be a non-jurisdictional surface water feature within the Study Area. Wetland H Wetland H is located on the proposed access road to Turbine 12 south of Connecticut Hill Road at the edge of an agricultural field. Wetland H begins in an active agricultural field as a shallow emergent marsh and flows east into an intermittent stream at the edge of the field and a northern deciduous forest continuing outside the Study Area. Vegetation consisted of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), arrow tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum), and grasses (Glyceria sp.). Hydrologic input appeared to be primarily from surface water runoff from the surrounding agricultural fields and at the time of the site visit there was approximately 1 inch of standing water. Surrounding upland is agricultural fields and northern deciduous forest. It is assumed that the shallow emergent portion of Wetland H would be considered non-jurisdictional by the Corps because it is currently active agricultural land and would be considered “prior converted crop land”. Wetland I Wetland I is a shallow emergent wetland located approximately 50 yards south of Wetland H. Vegetation consisted of wool grass, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), willows (located on periphery) and goldenrods. Hydrologic input appears to be from groundwater recharge and surface water runoff from surrounding agricultural fields and at the time of the site visit there was approximately 1 inch of standing water. Surrounding uplands are active agricultural fields. Wetland I is likely to be considered non-jurisdictional due to no apparent hydrologic connection to any other surface waters. Wetland J Wetland J is comprised of an intermittent stream and shallow emergent marsh wetland community located adjacent to the proposed access road to Turbines 1-7. Wetland J enters the site from the south through an 18-inch culvert underneath an existing access road (proposed access road for the Project). Hydrologic input appears to be from surface water runoff from adjacent uplands (northern deciduous forest) and groundwater recharge. Vegetation consists of arrow tearthumb, cattails, and wool grass. Wetland J is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland K Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 5 Wetland K is an intermittent stream located approximately 50 yards to the east of Wetland J that begins on the northern side of the existing access road. Hydrologic input is from a roadside ditch along the southern side of the existing access road that then enters an 18-inch culvert under the existing access road and outfalls into the intermittent stream on the north side. The intermittent stream is approximately 1-foot wide with well-defined banks and a cobble substrate. Surrounding upland is northern deciduous forest. Wetland K is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland L Wetland L is a small, deep emergent wetland located approximately 200 yards southeast of Wetland K. It appears as if Wetland L was created as part of a previous logging operation. At the time of the site visit there was approximately 14 inches of standing water. Vegetation was limited to the banks of the wetland and consisted primarily of willows. Hydrologic input appeared to be primarily from surface water runoff from surrounding uplands. Surrounding uplands are successional shrubland and coniferous forest. Wetland L would likely be considered non-jurisdictional by the Corps due to the lack of a hydrologic connection to any other surface waters. Wetland M Wetland M is an intermittent and ephemeral stream located immediately to the south of Wetland N. The stream is approximately 2 feet wide with a cobble substrate and at the time of the site visit there was approximately 1 inch of flowing water observed. The hydrology source appears to be primarily from surface water runoff. The upstream section (ephemeral) appears to have formed within a private unmarked trail and after leaving the trail flows into the intermittent stream. This intermittent stream continues beyond the Study Area and upon review aerial photographs and topographic mapping Wetland M flows into an unprotected NYSDEC mapped stream, however it is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland N Wetland N consists of a perennial stream channel. The perennial stream was approximately 2-3 feet wide with a bedrock substrate, undercut banks, and a surrounding riparian corridor. The stream is located within a draw (approximately 20 feet deep and 30 feet wide) and the surrounding upland is northern deciduous forest. At the time of the site visit, water depth was recorded at approximately 2-3 inches. Wetland O Wetland O begins in an active agricultural field, near proposed turbine 11, as a shallow emergent marsh and flows northeast into an intermittent stream at a hedgerow that bisects the field. The stream continues outside the Study Area and eventually flows into the northern deciduous forest north of turbine 11. Hydrologic input appeared to be Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 6 primarily from surface water runoff from the surrounding agricultural fields and at the time of the site visit there was approximately 1 inch of standing water. Surrounding upland is agricultural fields. It is assumed that the shallow emergent portion of Wetland O would be considered non-jurisdictional by the Corps because it is currently in active agricultural land and would be considered “prior converted crop land”. Wetland P Wetland P consists of a forested wetland with braided intermittent streams that drain into a perennial stream to the south of turbine 12. The perennial stream channel is a mapped unprotected stream by the NYSDEC. This stream continues beyond the study area to the southeast within the northern deciduous forest that borders the agricultural field containing turbine 12. At the time of the of this survey, there was approximately 1 inch of standing water in the forested wetland portions of the wetland and 1 to 2 inches of flowing water within the intermittent stream channels. The perennial stream channel had approximately 3 inches of flowing water. Wetland Q Wetland Q consists of both forested and scrub shrub wetlands. This wetland is located along the eastern side of Black Oak Road. The hydrologic input to this wetland was not observed during this investigation. The hydrologic input to this wetland was not observed; however, at the time of the site visit there were inches of standing water. Surrounding uplands consist of northern deciduous forest and maintained road ROW. Wetland R Wetland R consists of forested wetlands and a perennial stream channel. This wetland originates to the west of proposed turbine 7 and flows downhill to the east of turbine 7. The forested wetland consists of numerous braided forested wetlands with mini upland islands. Upland islands and the surrounding uplands consisted of northern deciduous forest. The forested wetlands drained into a perennial stream channel at the base of the hill. This stream flows beyond the study area to the south were it likely drains into an unprotected mapped NYSDEC stream. However, this connection will likely result in the wetland being deemed jurisdictional by the Corps. Wetland S Wetland S is comprised of a shallow emergent marsh located east of Wetland N on the southern boundary of an agricultural field. The shallow emergent marsh flows west from the small marsh along the edge of the agricultural field. Hydrologic input to the shallow marsh is primarily from forested wetlands to the south of the agricultural field and surface water runoff from surrounding agricultural fields. The forested wetlands to the south of the agricultural field were beyond the project study area. Wetland S is likely to be considered jurisdictional by the Corps. Ecological Communities Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 7 Although ecological surveys were not conducted during the growing season, many characteristics were noted on dominant vegetation during the surveys to characterize the Study Area’s vegetative cover type. Approximate community boundaries were noted on aerial maps and quantified after the conclusion of field visits (See Table 1 below). Table 1. Ecological Communities Agricultural 193.54 Appalachian Oak-Hickory Forest 17.34 Beech Maple Mesic Forest 183.87 Developed 66.33 Hemlock Northern Hardwood Forest 258.00 Pasture 72.46 Successional Northern Hardwood Forest 61.76 Successional Old Field 137.43 Successional Shrubland 71.69 Open Water 0.82 Several general cover types such as agriculture land , developed land (residences, farms and roads, etc.) and open water were approximated although are not generally considered ecological communities. The following ecological communities were determined in the field, as defined by Reschke (Reschke, 1990), and identified on field mapping: Appalachian Oak Hickory Forest – Reschke defines this ecological community in New York State as a hardwood forest occurring on well-drained ridgetops and south and west facing upper slopes. This community was observed in a small portion of the Project site dominated by overstory tree species of oaks (Quercus rubra, Quercus alba and Quercus velutina) and hickories (Carya alba and Carya tomentosa). Beech Maple Mesic Forest – Defined as a closed-canopy hardwood forest with co-dominating sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and low density stands Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) as observed on-site. Although not observed during the fall site visit, this community typically has an abundance of herbaceous plants present especially during the spring time flowering season. In addition, this community has a well- developed understory which was observed, of maple and beech seedlings and common shrubs. Hemlock Northern Hardwood Forest – Reschke defines this community as a variant, mixed forest that typically occurs on middle to lower slopes of ravines, on cool, mid-elevation slopes, and on moist, well-drained sites at the margins of swamps. On site, Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) was observed along with tree species such as American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), black cherry (Prunus Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 8 serotina), white pine (Pinus strobus), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and red oak (Quercus rubra). The percentage of hemlock cover was variable throughout the site, ranging from nearly pure stands in some steep ravines to as little as 20% of the canopy cover in broad wet areas. Successional Old Field – Defined by Reschke as a meadow dominated by forbs and grasses that occurs on sites that have been cleared and plowed (for farming or development), and then abandoned. This community was prevalent throughout the Project site with many common plant species present – goldenrods (Solidago spp.), asters (Symphyotrichum spp.), and many different upland grasses such as timothy (Phleum pretense) and orchard (Dactylis glomerata) grasses. Successional Northern Hardwoods Forest – Defined as a hardwood or mixed forest that occurs on sites that have been cleared (for farming, logging, etc.) or otherwise disturbed. Dominant species observed on site included red maple, white pine, gray birch, and quaking aspen. Limited examples of this community were observed in transitional areas between forested wetlands and upland forestland (e.g. Appalachian Oak Hickory Forest). Successional Shrubland – Similar to successional northern hardwoods forest, successional shrubland occurs on sites that have been previously cleared (farming, logging, etc.) or have otherwise been disturbed. This community is comprised of at least 50% shrub species. On-site, this community was observed adjacent to either developed areas (residences, farms, lawns, roadsides, etc.) or successional old fields and agricultural land. Wildlife The following is a comprehensive list of wildlife species observed during the field visits: 1. American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 2. Black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) 3. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 4. Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) 5. Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) 6. Brown creeper (Certhia americana) 7. Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) 8. Eastern coyote (Canis latrans) 9. Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) 10. Garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) 11. Raven (Corvus corax) 12. American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) 13. European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 14. Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 9 15. Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 16. American woodcock (Scolopax minor) 17. Chipmunk (Tamias striatus) 18. English sparrow (Passer domesticus) 19. Red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) 20. Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 21. Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) Plants The following is a comprehensive list of plant species observed during the field visits: 1. Boxelder (Acer negundo) 2. Striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) 3. Red maple (Acer rubrum) 4. Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) 5. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) 6. Speckled alder (Alnus rugosa) 7. Burdock (Arctium spp.) 8. Swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) 9. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) 10. Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) 11. Sedges (Carex spp.) 12. Silky dogwood (Cornus amomum) 13. Gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa) 14. Red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) 15. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) 16. Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) 17. Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) 18. Field horsetail (Equisetum arvense) 19. Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) 20. Joe pye-weed (Eutrochium maculatum) 21. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) 22. American beech (Fagus grandifolia) 23. Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) 24. White ash (Fraxinus americana) 25. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 10 26. Grasses (Glyceria spp.) 27. Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) 28. Soft rush (Juncus effusus) 29. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) 30. European larch (Larix decidua) 31. Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) 32. Sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) 33. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) 34. Timothy (Phleum pratense) 35. White pine (Pinus strobus) 36. Arrow tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum) 37. Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) 38. Big tooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) 39. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) 40. Black cherry (Prunus serotina) 41. White oak (Quercus alba) 42. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) 43. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) 44. Black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) 45. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) 46. Blackberries (Rubus spp.) 47. Willows (Salix spp.) 48. Green bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens) 49. Wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus) 50. Goldenrods (Solidago spp.) 51. Asters (Symphyotrichum spp.) 52. Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) 53. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) 54. Broad-leaf cattail (Typha latifolia) 55. American elm (Ulmus americana) 56. Blue vervain (Verbena hastata) 57. Viburnums (Viburnum spp.) 58. Grape (Vitis spp.) Copies To: File Black Oak Wind Power Project Page 11 This field report has been prepared by Nate Butera and Eric Lockard of edr. If there are any discrepancies, please notify our office within three business days of receipt. &=! &=! PEM1C PSS1E PEM1Eb CC C CC C C Wetland D Wetland J Wetland K Wetland M Wetland N Wetland Q Wetland S µ0 250 500 750 1,000125 Feet Black Oak Wind Power Project Town of Enfield Tompkins County, New York Figure 1.Ecological Survey Map Notes:Base Map: Tompkins County tax parcel data (2010) with 2-foot resolution orthoimagery, 2007. www.edrcompanies.com April 2013 Sheet 1 of 4 Sheet 1 Sheet 4 Sheet 3 Sheet 2 &=!Turbines #*Met Tower Buried Interconnect Access Road Substation Staging Area Project Site Unprotected Stream Approximate Wetland Boundary NWI Wetland Land Cover: Agricultural Appalachian Oak- Hickory Forest Beech Maple Mesic Forest Developed Hemlock Northern Hardwood Forest Pasture Successional Northern Hardwood Forest Successional Old Field Successional Shrubland Water #* &=! PUBHhPUBHh PUBHh PSS1E PUBHh CCC Town of Enfield Town of Newfield Wetland A Wetland B Wetland C Wetland L Wetland A Wetland P Wetland Q Wetland R µ0 250 500 750 1,000125 Feet Black Oak Wind Power Project Town of Enfield Tompkins County, New York Figure 1.Ecological Survey Map Notes:Base Map: Tompkins County tax parcel data (2010) with 2-foot resolution orthoimagery, 2007. www.edrcompanies.com April 2013 Sheet 2 of 4 Sheet 1 Sheet 4 Sheet 3 Sheet 2 &=!Turbines #*Met Tower Buried Interconnect Access Road Substation Staging Area Project Site Unprotected Stream Approximate Wetland Boundary NWI Wetland Land Cover: Agricultural Appalachian Oak- Hickory Forest Beech Maple Mesic Forest Developed Hemlock Northern Hardwood Forest Pasture Successional Northern Hardwood Forest Successional Old Field Successional Shrubland Water &=! &=! PFO1E PUBHh PEM1E PABH CC C CC Wetland D Wetland E Ag Ditch Wetland F Wetland O µ0 250 500 750 1,000125 Feet Black Oak Wind Power Project Town of Enfield Tompkins County, New York Figure 1.Ecological Survey Map Notes:Base Map: Tompkins County tax parcel data (2010) with 2-foot resolution orthoimagery, 2007. www.edrcompanies.com April 2013 Sheet 3 of 4 Sheet 1 Sheet 4 Sheet 3 Sheet 2 &=!Turbines #*Met Tower Buried Interconnect Access Road Substation Staging Area Project Site Unprotected Stream Approximate Wetland Boundary NWI Wetland Land Cover: Agricultural Appalachian Oak- Hickory Forest Beech Maple Mesic Forest Developed Hemlock Northern Hardwood Forest Pasture Successional Northern Hardwood Forest Successional Old Field Successional Shrubland Water &=! &=! PUBHh PEM1B PUBHh PUBHh PSS1E PUBHh PUBHh PEM1ECC C Wetland I Wetland H Wetland P Wetland Q µ0 250 500 750 1,000125 Feet Black Oak Wind Power Project Town of Enfield Tompkins County, New York Figure 1.Ecological Survey Map Notes:Base Map: Tompkins County tax parcel data (2010) with 2-foot resolution orthoimagery, 2007. www.edrcompanies.com April 2013 Sheet 4 of 4 Sheet 1 Sheet 4 Sheet 3 Sheet 2 &=!Turbines #*Met Tower Buried Interconnect Access Road Substation Staging Area Project Site Unprotected Stream Approximate Wetland Boundary NWI Wetland Land Cover: Agricultural Appalachian Oak- Hickory Forest Beech Maple Mesic Forest Developed Hemlock Northern Hardwood Forest Pasture Successional Northern Hardwood Forest Successional Old Field Successional Shrubland Water