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Home My WebLink AboutGardening with Native Species Slide Deck Gardening for Healthy Ecosystems: Preventing the Proliferation of Invasive Species & Encouraging Native Plant Populations Brittany Lagaly Terrestrial Plant Specialist Member of Danby's Conservation Advisory Council February 10th, 2022 Outline of Todays Presentation • Why plant native species? • What are invasive species? u • Why is biodiversity important? • What are the environmental impacts of invasive species? • Gardening with Native Plants •, ,. ,.,� r � • Sources for Native Plants and Seeds • Resources for Further Study - following:What are invasive species ? Non-native species that cause one or more of the Economic harm V� Environmental harm Harm A to human health F 3 - UGA0369060 ... USDA APHIS PPQ-Oxfordpf�ktrth Carolina,USDA APHIS PPQ,Bugwood.org OSOA Fares[Service SoutM1ern Research Sta[ion,USDA Forest Service,SRg;Bugwfiadorg - / ' " UGA1148090 - - 5485677 How did they g here? Now York is ground Tara for invasive forest pests The short answer: human activity 1Flsmrp hmnl pw nxmlpxroa[hnwn[InaMa Wlatl ss>Ius.pwve�.',. i,h�s,uw umer ceumr ianhsuwra �dw state SN�na,s4�-�.c.;4,�}�s�:,;.�:��.,z c�:.,•�e�,cav�nrs l�eo ea[n�rdx�n.a • Landscaping plants • Food crops Pet and aquarium trade • Stowaways in ballast water of large ships • Hitchhikers on products globally-traded . - • uarried stone lumber landsca in lams Humber of pest species Q r r landscaping plants, wood pallets, packing material sure.us�s.mu l The Poughkeepsie Journal New York has more invasive forest pests than any other state • Active ports with ships from all over the world, high native biodiversity How do they spread ? s . , ,. .... .. Natural processes, such as: • Seeds blown on the wind ` • Movement of water • Flooding, erosion, floating seeds and propagules • Movement of seeds and gp p Y aro ules b wildlife .2 • Feet, fur, feces; earthworms spread invasive ` . seeds through soil activity • Movement by birds ►. Fo • The digestive tracts of birds conditions seeds by 3 - U . thinning the seed coat; birds often roost in forest edges and openings, invasives preferred growing conditions v � ' How do they spread ? Human activities, such as: • Intentional planting for ornamental or utilitarian purposes • Mowing of plants that propagate vegetatively • Use of contaminated fill dirt • Transportation of seeds and propagules on: EF r • Vehicles, construction equipment, the feet of humans { ` and livestock • Land disturbance • The creation and maintenance of corridors _ • Utility right-of-ways, roads, trails What traits or conditions allow a species to become invasive? .......... Aw .4 1 1 t ��. Lack of natural predators and diseases L Fast growth rate and high reproduction Early leaf out + late senescence x Release from environmental controls on growth Many of these traits are considered desirable by nurseries & landscapers All of these traits give invasive species an advantage over native species Ecosystems & Invasive Species Ecosystems are tightly evolved, A HAWK OWL GOL°EN ¢HEAT- LYNX COYOTE EAGLE HORNE❑OWL interdependent systems KESTREL GOSHAWK RJ°FOX WOLVERINE RED-AT.MEG WOLF • Species evolve slowly over time in response to NORTHERN their environment and one another HARRIER MOOSE // // SMALL RE° GRO-No SNOWSHOE WILLOW SPRUCE PASSERINE • where species ROD SQUIRREL SCUIRREL HARD _ PTARMIGAN GROUSE BIROS Evolutionary arms races evolve in direct response to one another INSECTS • Phenological processes within a given ecosystem are tightly linked FORB3 GRASSES 90G GREY SOAP9ERRl WHITE BALSAM ASPEN BIRCH WILLOW SPRUGE POPLAR • i.e. blooming time and insect emergence Population regulation in snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx:Asymmetric food web configurations between hare and lynx NILS CHR.STENSETH,WILHELM FALCK,OTTAR N.BJORNSTAD,AND CHARLES J.KREBS The extirpation of native species by exotic invasives causes ecosystems to destabilize, resulting in trophic cascades and declining biodiversity & resiliency. What does it mean for an ecosystem to be "" healthy?" Y Y A healthy ecosystem delivers ecosystem services and is resilient against environmental and biological perturbations • Healthy ecosystems purify water, sequester carbon, build & maintain soil, prevent flooding and erosion, sustain insect & wildlife populations, etc. • High biodiversity within an ecosystem increases the resiliency of the system • High biodiversity ensures redundancies • Large gene pool within each species allows populations to evolve in response to their environment by ensuring variation within species ➢ Healthy ecosystems have large populations of many different species ➢ Invasive species impair ecosystem health primarily by reducing biodiversity Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Densegrowth habits due to lack ofpredators _ � 1 and diseases • Dense stands smother native plants • Shade-out the understory, monopolize soil } w ' W resources • Results in reduced biodiversity & invasive monocultures • Dense growth and low, arching growth forms of y � x g g invasive shrubs and allow ground predators access to bird nests Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Reduce food and habitat for wildlife • Fruits of invasive species often less nutritious than native forage • Impact on migratory birds • Often have laxative effects, robbing birds of nutrition ; • Usually less palatable alatable to deer, increasinggrazing pressure on g g p native species_ • B displacing native forage & hosts species, IS disrupt plant- pollinator Y p g g p � p p pollinator interactions, which are highly specific • gY Interrupted henolo -based interactions Ronald F Billings,Texas A&M Forest Service,Bagoo�`brj p p UGA5005039 Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Physical alteration of forest structure • Lianas physically weigh down and topple trees r' • Invasive shrubs retard natural forest succession Increased grazing pressure on seedlings and �.._ saplings causes age stand disruption, lack of recruitment d • Allelopathic chemicals prevent tree seedlings from germinating Chris Evans,University of Illinois,Bugwood.org UGA1378046 Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Chemical and physical alteration of soil properties • Dense stands and rapid growth rates require lots . of nutrients Invasive plants rapidly break down leaf litter, I L .,� increasing soil carbon and nitrogen r, 3 • Creates nutrient-rich soils with a thin organic layer 7,7. ; • More susceptible to erosion and weathering ' • Less soil moisture • Too much fertilizer for native forest species �+ • Eliminates habitat for soil-dwelling insects, invertebrates, and fungi Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Increased erosion and flooding _ • Some plants have evolved to propagate through erosion and therefore encourage it • Invasive knotweed 1 • When extensive, monotypic stands of invasive d z plants die back in autumn, it exposes bare soil . to late autumn rains • Giant hogweed, Japanese stiltgrass • Thick mats of dead vegetation can alter L , , ti hydrology patterns in wetlands and riparian areas, causing flooding ` ` • Yellow flag iris Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Nitrification of waterways • Invasive legumes i.e. Autumn olive formsymbiotic relationships with soil bacteria that allows them to pull nitrogen out of the air and transform it into soil nitrogen • Water near large stands of invasive legumes tests high in nitrogen, which causes harmful algal blooms Increased risk of fire • An abundance of dead, dry plant matter can increase risk of fire • HWA/EAB, Slender false brome, common reed Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems Increased numbers of ticks with Lyme disease • Dense stands of shrubs create the perfect habitat for both mice and ticks • Thick stands of respiring shrubs create a humid microclimate that attracts ticks • Mice are attracted to the protection given by the same shrubs • Mice are carriers of Lyme disease and transmit Lyme to ticks 4\,a • Deer are also attracted to the cover provided by invasive shrubs • Tick populations explode in the presence of deer _ - i Impacts of Invasive Species on Native Ecosystems The extinction of tree species • Pasty _ - - American chestnut & chestnut blight - f ` • American elm & Dutch elm disease • Ash (22 species ) & the emerald ash borer _ - • Present • Eastern hemlock & hemlock wooly e adl id g Oak species & oak wilt _ 4 • Beech & beech bark disease • Black walnut & thousand cankers disease • Maple, et cetera & Asian Longhorn Beetle = Plants, its Pollinators in Peril Monarch butterfly population decline: Native plants crucial to their survival qC News Politics Sport Business Money Opinion Tech LifeS Style Travel Culture Kelly Herfendal,For USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin Published 6:53 a-m.CT June 29,2019 1 Updated 1:44 p.m.CT June 29,2019 ' ' Investigations News Science ress �► �► Plants driven to extinction at twice rate MONARCH _ of mammals, birds and amphibians NEED MILKWEED. f share T w CJ �� f . � 1. � , r�r. Yr � R �• 1 I New Smithsonian Study Links Declines in Suburban Backyard Birds to Presence of Nonnative Plants - - E I P `' * Findings Give Landowners a Simple Road Map to Provide Essential Habitat for Breeding Birds • ilil� While planting milkweed is helpful for sustaining healthy monarch butterfly populations,new Michigan - State Uri research says mowing some of that milkweed at difFering times in the sum mer is Gct.22.2018 n W even better for them.Keith Matheny,Detroit Free Press THEGUARDIAN.COf;1 Plummeting insect numbers 'threaten collapse of nature' Exclusive:Insects could vanish within a century at current rate of decline,says... New England Is Losing Its Native Plants.Researchers Say It's Time To Stop And Smell The Wildflowers FEATURE 00 The Insect Apocalypse a 1 �rw• What does - for - restof life on The Plant PropagatePlants ! 1. Fill your yards and gardens with as many flowering plants as possible, and make sure flowers are available spring, fall, and summer. Mix clover and violets in with lawn grass. 2. Plant primarily native species. Gardens serve birds and pollinators best when they contain at least 70% native plants. Straight-natives are best but cultivars of native plants can be just as good. The cultivar flower should resemble the wild type as much as possible. 3. Plant trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants that host the caterpillars of struggling butterfly species. This will benefit both the butterflies and the birds that rely on caterpillars to feed their young. � z a x 4 2. F -7_ Spring E • Spring ephemerals are an important earlyy food source for insects; populations r decline early f- f I are n h o the dec e due to ea y leaf-out out o S • Growing conditions should mimic moist, leafy woodland habitat F AP I ri Cutleaf Toothwort Trout Lily Spring Beauty (Cardamine (Erythronium americanum) Trillium (Claytonia virginica) concatenate) (Trillium grandiflorum) Spring E • Spring ephemerals are an important earlyy food source for insects; populations r decline early f- f I are n h o the dec e due to ea y leaf-out out o S • Growing conditions should mimic moist, leafy woodland habitat ,AVOW - , t� y' Virginia bluebell Dutchman's Breeches Bellwort Marsh Marigold (Mertensia virginica) (Dicentra cucullaria) (Uvularia grandiflora) (Caltha polustris) All Bloom Host Plants for Charismatic Butterflies Ap • ♦ ■ ed-Spotted Purple Golden Alexander (Zizic ourea) ♦ Black • • il Moist, well-drained soil Medium, well-drained soilMedium Full sun to partial shade Full sun to part shade Full sun to part shade Host Plants for Charismatic Butterflies All Bloom in Summer ` r 4 VFF # S 4 f Turtlehead (Chelone spp.) & Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia Purple Coneflower (Echinacea ul ida & Gor one Checkers of Baltimore Checkerspot f g ) g p purpurea) & Silvery Checkerspot Medium soil, full sun to part shade Medium soil, full sun to part shade Moist to wet soil, full sun to part shade Host Plants for Monarch Butterflies IL KIN" dr w Marsh Milkweed (Asclepias incamata) Butterfly - • Moist • wet soil ' • I / ' / I Common Milkweed (Asclepias Dry Soil All milkweed bloom in the summer Medium to . Natives for Pollinators : Early Bloomers r - L L N ` Lanceleaf Coreopsis Smooth Penstemon Wild Lupine (Coreopsis lanceolate) (Penstemon digitalis) (Lupinus perennis) Dry to medium soil, full sun, Medium to moist soil, full sun Dry soil, full sun, deer resistant to part shade, deer resistant deer resistant Natives for Pollinators : Mid-Season Blooms V i'::!A% Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma) Mountain Mint Dotted Mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) (Monarda punctata) Medium to moist soil, full sun to partial shade Moist to wet soil, Dry soil, full sun, full to partial sun, deer resistant, host plant deer resistant Natives for Pollinators : Mid-to-Late Blooms f =; Mr dw d. " 1 yl I ! a y I • ! UZZZEW do Uw fi l ti Garden Phlox ` Culver's Root (Phlox paniculata) Anise Hyssop (Veronicastrum virginicum) (Agastache foeniculum) Medium soil, full sun to part Medium to moist soil, shade, deer resistant, Dry to medium soil, full sun to full shade, walnut tolerant full sun to part shade, deer resistant deer resistant Natives for Pollinators : Mid-to-Late Blooms 77T � - 4. 7C ' f.. � 1•nil. i i - 3. :' A r 4, `• _+ .r Y _ - At t �.} - ;li n •=d l/i -ESA`( y J ,. +ur , Blazing Star Rattlesnake Master ) icata Liatris s ( p (Eryngium yuccifolium) Joe-Pye Weed Medium to moist, (Eutrochium spp.) Dry to medium soil, full sun, full sun, deer resistant deer resistant Moist to wet, full sun, host species Asters : Abundant Late-Season Blooms • Asters comprise a large group of flowering plants (Asteraceae) • Many species are host plants for moth and butterfly larvae • Most prefer full sun and well-drained to medium soil, but many species are adapted to partial shade • Late season blooms keep gardens and meadows ray flower disk flower interesting in the late summer and early autumn .. • Dried seedheads provide pole a reliable food source for = } y Phyl IOr overwintering birds i nvol acre • Hardy perennials that spread receptacle via seed and rhizome COI CUlU Native Asters for Full Sun *41 N V*4 New • . • Aster New• York Aster (Symphyotrichum / / / / /Hairy leaves, upright growth a • ;} so Smooth leaves, upright growth habit, 3-6 • ft tall ShowyShowy pink, purple, or white pink or purple flowers flowers • Native Asters for Full Sun ' r Crooked Stem Aster I� (Aster prenanthoides) -1W • ' r �'jKr f Prolific, rounded clumps -� — - � of white to bluish-white ' flowers x � Can tolerate moist soils t and forest borders �= Attracts bees and ' butterflies; a host plant for several butterfly and moth species { 1 • Native Asters for Full Sun # White Heath Asterjj� = k (Aster ericoides) AN Conspicuous dense spikes of white flowers - 5 Thrives in poor, dry soils Attracts birds, bees, and butterflies; host plant for r pearl crescent and field crescent butterflies yi Native Asters for Partial Shade r. -� White Wood Aster =° b (Eurybia divaricata) «.. White flowers with yellow discs and dark stems Attracts bees, birds, and butterflies; Host species for the pearl crescent butterfly Big-Leaved Leaved Aster y g- f�. (Eurybia macrophylla) r ti V Can tolerate dry, infertile soil Attracts bees birds and butterflies; Hostspecies for the pearl crescent butterfly; Deer resistant Native Asters for Partial Shade Heart-leaved Aster Atli �♦� ark (Symphyotrichum cordifolium) -M�!J; ' ,., Prolific light blue flowers, large -- •� leaves provide attractive . ;• � 4 • ground cover Attracts butterflies, bees, and birds; Host species for several ,. species of butterfly and moth Whorled Wood Aster � - (Oclemena acuminata) � Blooms late summer to early autumn Attracts butterflies; Host species for the pearly crescent butterfly Solidarity with S . 730 • There are over two dozen species of goldenrod (Solidago) native to New York State Contrary to popular belief, they DO NOT CAUSE ALLERGIES - they bloom at the same time as ragweed, a much less conspicuous plant � y o p The d produce copious blooms filled with nectar and . are a valuable food source for late season pollinators • Aggressive in the garden but great for woodland borders, meadows, milkweed gardens, etc. M f _ 9 If you can, let the goldenrod grow O Resources for Information on Native Plants & Pollinators The Xerces Society: https://xerces.org/ IF XERCES Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Pollinator Project: https://www.wi s: roiect olIinator-conservationF SOC I ETY p J /p Nurseries that Specialize in Native Plants: for Invertebrate Conservation • Local Nurseries: • Plantsman Nursery, 482 Peruville Road Groton, NY 13073 THE https://www.plantsmen.com/ • The Finger Lakes Nursery, Danb Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850Nl�T A446, g Y Y � • Twisted Tree Farm, 279 Washburn Rd, Spencer, NY 14883 41,*• Online Nurseries: • Ernst Seeds: https://www.ernstseed.com/ • Prairie Moon Nursery: https://www.prairiemoon.com/ A • New England Wetland Plants: http://newp.com/ UR ' Tallamy is one of the most original and persuasive "This is the`it'book . .. It's really struck a nerve." present-day authors on conservation-" —PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER `EDWAR0 0. WIL50N.UnlversityResearch Professor Emeritus,Harvard University BRINGING NATURE HOME NA- �r TURE'S How You Can Sustain Wildlife BEST HOPE with NATIVE PLANTS sA A New Ap roach ems`. �'�,'�� +r• r �l- r to Conservation That t Starts In Your Yard D o U G LAS W. TALLAMY DOUGLAS W. TALLAMY bestselling author of Bringing Nature Home NEW YORK TIMES BESTS I N G AUTHOR 0F Nature's Best Hop: Be sure to check out our new Facebook let' s keepgroup, the discussion going! Native Gardening Coalition of Danby https://www.facebook.com/groups/642870846924393/ _ N\I+ 77 1