HomeMy WebLinkAbout1984-06 June Stage 1 Cultural Resource Survey Ithaca Falls Hydroelectric Project DISPLAY •
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WI ERIALSS INVESTIGATION, INC.
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698 Stevens Siree'
Utica, New York B-502
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STAGE I
CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY
ITHACA FALLS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
CITY OF ITHACA,. TOMPKINS COUNTY
NEW YORK
PREPARED FOR: City of Ithaca
City Hall
Ithaca, New York 14850
PREPARED BY: Stephen J. Oberon
Claire F, Perez
Materials Investigation, Inc.
Mu-/ �LgtiN/N(91 2, �• 698 Stevens Street
Utica, New York 13502
Report No. MT73A-1--6--84
June 1984
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION ----------- --------------- 1
PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING ------------------ ------ 2
LITERATURE SEARCH DESIGN ---- -- ----------- 3
.NATIVE. AMERICAN OCCUPATION -----_________— 4 _ 6
EUROPEAN AMERICAN OCCUPATION ---- --------- 7 - 15
Early Industrial Period (1813-1834)
Fall Creek Mills (1827-1926)
Ithaca Paper Company (1819-1954)
Ithaca Manufacturing Works (1867-1883)
Ithaca Gun Company (1880-Present)
Fall Creek Hydropower System (1813-Present)
FIELD TESTING STRATEGIES ----------------------------- 16
FIELD TESTING RESULTS -------------------__------ 17 - 22
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS --------- 23 - 25
'RECOMMENDATIONS ------- ---- — ----- 26 - 27
REFERENCES CITED 28 - 30
APPENDIX I - Figures
1 - Location of Project in New York State
2 - Location of Project in Tompkins County
3 - Location of Project in City of Ithaca
4 - Prehistoric Sites in Tompkins County (1920)
5 - Prehistoric Indian Trails
6 - Possible Locations of Early Mills
7 - Map of Ithaca (1835)
8 - Map of Ithaca (1836)
9 - Ithaca (1840)
10 - Detail of Fall Creek Complex (1854)
11 - Detail of Fall Creek Complex (1866)
12 - Fall Creek Complex (1883)
13 - Fall Creek Complex (1888)
14 - Detail of Fall Creek Complex (1889)
15 - Detail of Fall Creek Complex (1899/1909)
16 - Fall Creek Mills (1910)
17 - Fall Creek Mill Complex (1910)
18 - Fall Creek Mill Complex (1919)
19 - Ithaca Falls Paper Co. (1910)
20 - Brown Paper Co. (1919)
21 - Detail of Fall Creek Complex (1920)
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Appendix I - Figures (Cont'd)
22 - Fall Creek Mill Complex (1929)
23 - Ithaca Paper Co./Read Paper Co. (1929)
24 -. pail of Fall Creek Complex (1957)
25 - etail of Fall Creek Mills Foundation (1972)
26 - pridge and Flume Sites (1984)
27 - Field Testing, Sector A
28 - Field Testing, Sector B
29 - Field Testing, Sector C
30 - Proposed Hydroelectric Project (1982)
31 - Project Impact on gist Mill Area (1984)
32 - Sector B Profile, Features 1 and 2
33 - Potential Impact Areas, Sector A
APPENDIX II - Photodocumentation
APPENDIX III - Subsurface Testing Contents
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INTRODUCTION
The Cipy of Ithaca has proposed the construction of a municipal hydroelectric
facil4y on the south bank of Fall Creek in Ithaca,. Tompkins County, New York
(see Figures 1, 2, 3). The proposed installation will utilize existing dam,
tunnel, and raceway structures at Ithaca Falls which date from the early 19th
century and were in use until the 19501s. This waterway system will be
adapted for reuse and hydroelectric generating and transmitting facilities
will be constructed as shown in Figure 31.
Specifically, proposed reuse 'of existing structures would entail the removal
of an existing intake structure located at the eastern opening of the tunnel
and its replacement by an intake gate with a trash diverter and fish
deflector. A second intake gate structure with a trashrack will be
constructed at the western end of the tunnel at the junction of the existing
overflow channel. An extant gate structure will be removed and a steel
penstock installed within the confines of the existing raceway, commencing at
the western tunnel opening and terminating some 750 feet to the northwest at
the entrance structure of the powerhouse to be constructed along the creek
bank some100 feet east of Lake Street. Installation of the penstock will
entail construction impact along the entire course of the `existing raceway.
The penstock will then be buried, loamed and. seeded.
An underground high voltage cable is planned to run from Lake Street to the
powerhouse, north of the extant grist mill foundation walls. An access road
is planned for the area' between the extant south mill walls and the soil-
covered remains of a paper mill to the south (see Figure 30).
Because of the known cultural resource sensitivity of the project site,
Materials Investigation, Inc. was contracted by the City of Ithaca to perform
a Stage I Cultural Resource Survey to determine the nature and degree of
project impact to historic and possible pre-historic cultural resources at
Ithaca Fall. This survey was performed, in April and May of 1984.
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PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTIN
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Fall Creek Gorge is located approximately one mile east of Cayuga Lake within
the limits of the City of Ithaca in central Tompkins County, New York (see
Figures 1, 2, 3). The climate in the region is temperate, with 45 - 50
growing days per year, 32 - 36 inches mean annual rainfall, and less than 40
incheq annual snowfall. Mean January temperatures are 22 - 24 degrees
Fahrenheit, while mean July temperatures are 68 - 71 degrees Fahrenheit. 16 -
18 inches of annual rainfall occur from May to September.
Geologically, the area is underlain by limestone, sandstone and shale bedrock;
extensive shale outcrops are found along major slopes (Beir 1966a, 1966b;
Rayback 1959:5). The rolling topography is punctuated by steep gullies made
by creeks flowing to Cayuga Lake. Cayuga Lake itself has been of importance
for travel and commerce since the earliest human occupation of the Finger
Lakes region. It drains northward into the Oswego River and from there to
Lake Ontario.
Fall Creek, one of 3 major creeks that flow through Ithaca, originates in the
Town of Dryden. in eastern Tompkins County and travels southwesterly
approximately 30 miles to Cayuga Lake. Within a 1-1/2 mile distance east of
the proposed project site, the water descends over 5 waterfalls: Triphammer,
Rocky, Foaming, Forest, and the largest, Ithaca Fall, which measures 150 feet
in both height and width.
Fall Creek has cut into the siltstone and Devonian-age shale bedrock for over
a million years, creating a gorge that ranges from 100 to 200 feet in width.
Stratified layers of bedrock vary in thickness from fractions of an inch to
several inches. In addition, very pronounced vertical joint patterns are
found on the gorge walls; their surfaces are smooth, planar and continuous.
Ithaca Fall was formed at one of these joints. Other joints are open and are
able to support vegetation.
Within the project area, glacial till covers the bedrock to a maximum depth of
only several feet (Halliwell 1982).
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LITERATURE SEARCH DESIGN
A litgrature search is the first phase of a cultural resource survey to be
conducted according to guidelines adopted by the New York State Office of
Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation in consultation with the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation and the United States
EnviroPmental Protection Agency, in Procedures For The Protection of His-
toric and Cultural Properties on New York State NYS Office of Parks,
Recreation and Historic Preservation 1976).
A comprehensive literature search was carried out using the resources of the
DeWitt Historical Society, Ithaca, the Olin Graduate Library at Cornell
University, the State Library and Archives, and the New York State Museum and
State Historic Preservation Office files in Albany. The purpose of the
literature search was: (1) to provide background information on local
prehistory and amplify an earlier historic study of the Ithaca Falls area
(Goldstein 1979); (2) to identify areas which appear to have high potential
for impact to cultural resources; and (3) to identify any known cultural
resources lying within the zones of direct or indirect project impact.
In pursuing each of these research foci, both primary and secondary documents
were consulted, with particular attention being given to county and local
histories and area maps. Local informants 'were utilized both for background
information and for the identification of potentially significant remains or
structures; likewise, historians active in Tompkins County, including those at
Historic Ithaca, were consulted, as were Ithaca City and Cornell University
officials.
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NATIVE AMERICAN OCCUPATION
Cayuga Lake has apparently been important for travel and trade since the
earliest periods of human occupation of the Finger Lakes region. It forms
part of a vast drainage system linking this central New York region with the
Great sakes, the St. Lawrence River and other waterways. Montezuma Swamp, a
vast wildlife concentration area today, is located at the north end of Cayuga
Lake and has long been an important hunting and fishing resource for local
populations (Ritchie 1965; Ellis, Frost and Fink 1961:7-1.5).
During the Pleistocene, some 10,000 years ago, animals known to have been
hunted by Native American groups elsewhere were present in this region.
Fisher (1955, in Ritchie 1965:9-16) cites the discovery of mastodon remains in
southern Cayuga County near the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake, as well as two
other mastodon finds in southern Tompkins County.
Only tenuous evidence is available for human presence in the Cayuga area
during this earliest epoch of human activity in the region, known as the
Palaeo-Indian period. Ritchie (1965:4-5) refers to scattered fluted
projectile points found on the present ground surface at the southeastern end
of Cayuga Lake. The points are typologically associated with the Palaeo-
Indian cultural phenomenon and time period.
Unfortunately, no projectile points of this type have been found within the
Cayuga Lake area directly associated with the Pleistocene megafaunA, which
could place them reliably within a Palaeo-Indian context. If the typological
evidence is accurate as to time and cultural association, however, there would
appear to have been Native American inhabitants in the vicinity of southern
Cayuga Lake about 91000 B.C. Local artifact collectors have found stone
knives and scrapers on the ground surface near Cayuga Lake which also fit the
types associated elsewhere in Palaeo-Indian populations. These 'scattered
finds tend to support the hypothesis that Native Americans were present here
during the Late Pleistocene when glacial ice was still nearby and vegetation
patterns had not reached the developmental- stage of more recent times.
A semi-permanent campsite characteristic of the Lamoka culture of the Late
Archaic Tradition (c.2500-1700 B.C.) is located on Frontenac Island in Cayuga
Lake, one-half mile offshore from Union Springs, seven miles south of the foot
of the lake in Cayuga County. This site has been described as "an ideal
situation with respect to excellent fishing grounds, comprising adjacent and
nearby shoals, and shallow water, with soft, weedy bottom ... surrounded by an
extension of the great Montezuma Marsh" (Ritchie 1965:105).
The Frontenac Island population seems to have shared cultural links with the
Laurentian Culture of the St. Lawrence Valley as well as with Lamoka Lake to
the south and west. This dual affiliation would reflect trans- and circum-
lake travel and is supported by the courses of aboriginal trail routes known
from later periods (see Figure 5). A carbon-14 date around 2500 B.C. was
obtained for the faunal deposit found at Frontenac Island and the
uncharacteristic quantity of such materials suggests the long-term importance
of this site for fishing, hunting and gathering activities. Tool-making
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debris and the presence of over 150 burials attest to the type and scale of
other human activities which took place here, although some of the burials may
pertain to the earlier Brewerton complex. Grave goods apparently associated
with age and sex status differences were interred with the individuals. The
discoVery 'of other, more recent, cultural material at the site, called
"Frontenac Island II" by Ritchie (1965:105-107), indicates the popularity of
this location for human activity over time.
The Lae Woodland period of the Woodland tradition (c. 1100-1500 A.D.), was a
time of population increase and growth in the complexity of social and
political organization through the Owasco phase and culminating in the
Iroquois Confederacy. In the Ithaca area, the Late Woodland is represented by
the Levanna Site (Ritchie 1965:271, 280) and Karlen and Edmondson's Site
Number 22 (n.d. 24). The Levanna Site is north and east of the study area, in
Cayuga County. It is described as an open town not located on a waterway
(Ritchie 1965:273). The cultural connections of its residents seem to be with
Owasco Culture as described for the type site at Owasco Outlet, Auburn, Cayuga
County. Aside from plant cultivation, some hunting, fishing, and wild plant
food collecting were also carried on. Broad, triangular flint projectile
points were manufactured and utilized, as were ceramic vessels and pipes,
fishhooks and other bone implements, antler arrow-points, beads, and flaking
tools, as well as polished stone axes, adzes, and other woodworking equipment
(Ritchie 1965:271-279). No apparent fortifications were found at the Levanna
Site, although these were common in many Owascoid sites (Ritchie 1965:271-
273). Another apparent Owasco Site was discovered near the Bertram Buck farm
on Peruville Road near the Lansing/Groton township boundary in Tompkins County
(Parish 1967:11).
A Native American burial site of undetermined age and cultural affiliation has
been identified on Farrell Road just east of Warren .Road and just south of
Asbury Road in the Town of Lansing on the southwestern shore of Cayuga Lake.
Reported by Patricia Netherly and known as the Moravec Burial Site '(listed in
the Rochester Museum archaeological site inventory as MOR 2-3), this cemetery
is located atop a sand deposit some 4 to 5 yards in depth. Its situation on a
poorly drained portion of a floodplain with no reported traces of native
activity in surrounding higher elevations is atypical for the placement of
such sites. This site lies northeast of the Ithaca Falls area.
Early European American written references are not much clearer than the
archaeological records. Cortwright (1968:2-4) and others describe the area of
Tompkins, Seneca, and Cayuga Counties as hunting, fishing, and gathering
territory for the native peoples, and much reference is made to the
convenience of setting up new European-run farms in the Ithaca area because it
was cleared previously by Native Americans for farming and settlements (Parker
1922:702-704; French 1860:655). Native American annual subsistence activities
in'the Dark Forest-Dan by.area, in southwestern Tompkins County, are said to
have centered around farming near two permanent towns near Enfield, but also
to have included early spring trips to Cayuga Lake to collect newly-laid
birds' eggs, to fish in the lake, its tributaries, and local ponds, .as well as
long-distance hunting trips in the fall (Cortwri,ght 1968:3-4). The lower
portions of Fall Creek may have been included in these rounds.
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Around 1600, a Cayuga settlement was reported in a naturally-fortified spot "a
mile 4outh of the village of Genoa on the west side of Salmon Creek ... The
village branched out, for some inhabitants moved across the creek ravine to
the east side and built a large, unprotected town" (Follett 1957:25). A
"Seneca Indian-style" ceramic pot was found in a burial within the fortified
portiqn of this site, according to Follett (1957:133). This seems to imply
contact at this time between Cayuga and Seneca groups. Parker (1922:703)
describes Tompkins County Site No. 2 as a "burial site on the. Fay Townley farm
near the Village of South Lansing" (see Figure 4) but includes no further
details. Otherwise, he cites only "traces" of occupation along the shore of
Cayuga Lake. Norris (1944; see Figure 5) depicts similar "traces of
occupation" along the south side of Fall Creek near the City of Ithaca limits.
Parker (1922; see Figure 4) records no sites along Fall Creek ,and only one, in
the City of Ithaca, near the Inlet along the southernmost Lakeshore.
From available documentary evidence and predictions based on regional
settlement and activity preferences for populations representative of the
various Native American cultural traditions over the past 10,000 years, the
Fall Creek project area would be designated as of low to medium sensitivity
for small seasonal fishing sites or campsites. . These may well have been
associated with travel along the Fall Creek footpath depicted by Norris
(1944), which can be assumed to have been in use well before the Late Woodland
period. The industrial development of the area which accompanied European
American settlement and increased throughout the nineteenth century would have
had considerable impact on this portion of the south bank of Fall Creek. The
1 likelihood of any cultural remains pertaining to Native occupations of this
site having survived this disturbance is considered very slight. No impact to
Native American cultural. resources is therefore anticipated as a result of the
proposed project.
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EUROPEAN-AMERICAN OCCUPATION
Fall Creek Gorge is one of several gorges situated within what is today the
City of Ithaca that were utilized by the early nineteenth century European
American settlers of the area. As mentioned earlier, within a distance of 1-
1/2 miles, the waters. of Fall Creek descend over five waterfalls into Lake
Cayuga.. Ithaca Fall, the last and highest fall, contains a drop of 150 feet
'(Southwick 1835:1-2) and this site served as an important focus of local
industrial development throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. The Fall Creek Gorge area functioned as an industrial suburb of
the exPanding municipality of Ithaca through the nineteenth century, with
associated residential housing and services growing up along what are now Linn
and Lake Streets west and south of the main industrial production sites.
The Early Period of Industrial Development (1813-1836)
The early period of industrial development spans the decades between the
settlement of Ithaca in the early years of the nineteenth century and the
upgrading of hydropower facilities in Fall Creek Gorge in the 18301s.
Following the Revolutionary War, Hendrick Loux, a war veteran, was granted
Military Lot #94 which bordered Fall- Creek. Circa 1797, a 200 acre parcel was
sold to Benjamin Pelton who resold the property to Phineas Bennett in May of
1813. A year'later, Bennett built a grist mill southeast of the site later to
be occupied by Beebe's 1830 grist mill (see Figure 6). In addition a plaster
and carding room were built around 1813 on the property which was to become
the site of Mack and Andrus' new brick paper factory in 1851 (Peirce 1879:409,
Abt 1926:45; see Figure 11).
Bennett's son, Ansel, and his partner, Barney McGoffin, purchased the plaster
mill and carding room in July 1819, for $1,600. In 1816, Phineas and Ansel
Bennett sold a nearby parcel of land containing a chair factory, originally
operated by Ansel Bennett, to Abner Howland (Selkreg 1894: 170).
Jonathan F. Thompson and Frederick Deming built an oil mill in April 1817, on
land previously owned by David Woodcock; the property was located immediately
east of the present Fall Creek Bridge. Mr. Thompson and his business
partner, Solomon Porter, added a distillery in 1820-21. The distillery was
probably built at "the Nook", located at an unspecified distance north of Fall
Creek. By June 1822, the businesses were owned solely by Mr. Thompson
(Selkreg 1894: 170; Peirce 1879: 410) .
At about this time, Phineas Bennett rebuilt the sawmill near Thompson's oil
mill; the original sawmill had been erected around 1813. A dam was erected
across the creek above the sawmill and a flume was cut through the rock.
Water was conveyed from a wooden flume mortised to the southern gorge wall at
Ithaca Falls, through the rock flume and into the mills below (Selkreg 1894:
170; Photo 1).
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In 1827, Gere, Gunn and Nicholas leased the plaster factory on the property
owned py Jeremiah S. Beebe, which produced 800 tons of plaster in 1833. Two
of the' partners, Gere and Gunn, also leased the distillery at "the Nook" in
1827. One Lucas Levensworth is known to have leased a machine shop in the"
vicinity which manufactured pails, tubs, keelers and measures, amounting to
20,000 'to 30,000 articles per year (Southwick 1835: 37).
Ezra Cornell's improvements to the Fall Creek Hydropower System, completed in
1832 and described in detail below, increased both the efficiency and capacity
of -industrial production below Ithaca Fall. The entire complex was now
assured of a year-round supply of power and a greater amount of land became
suitable for the erection of water-driven mills, as secondary flumes were
constrpcted away from the original man-made channel.
By 1835 Southwick was able to enumerate several additional industries located
at Ithaca Fall which he called ."O1 is Fall". Barnab and Hedges operated a
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chair factory in the machine shop owned by J. S. Beebe; 2000 chairs were
manufactured annually: Ithaca Furnace, founded in 1828 by Dennis and Vail,
produced an extensive line of casting but no hollowware in its plant located
at the foot of the tunnel stream. Its primary products were mill gearings,
railroad castings and finished ware. Each year, approximately 175 tons of
iron were utilized in addition to the wrought iron used for finishing.
Another furnace company, owned by H. King, was.located near the Dennis and
Vail establishment. Silas Mead produced about 200 plows per year in Dennis
and Vail's facility located at the Fall Creek site (Southwick 1835: 37).
In 1820, George Blythe bought the Bennett grist mill and converted it into a
wool carding factory (Abt 1926: 52). By 1834, the mill was operated by S. J.
Blythe and 12,000 - 14,000 pounds of wool were carded annually, in addition to
500 - 700 pieces of processed cloth, each measuring from 8 to 14 feet
(Southwick 1835: 37).
Although early nineteenth century industrial buildings at Ithaca Fall on Fall
Creek are mentioned in the historic records of Ithaca and Tompkins County,
exact locations of the structures are not given. An occasional general
reference is made to a location, such as "Bennett's grist mill (1814) was
located southeast of the site later occupied by Beebe's 1830 grist mill"
(Selkreg 1894:170). In another reference, Peirce noted that the Ithaca Paper
Co. occupied the site of the 1813 Bennett/McGoffin Plaster Mill and Carding
Room (Peirce 1879:409) but, again no specific location was recorded.
Although it is impossible to ascertain the exact placement and size of the
mills associated with this earliest period, probable mill locations, based on
the historic record and early maps, can be surmised (see Figure 6). For
example, historic maps dating from 1834 and 1836 (see Figures 7, 8 and 9) show
five and/or six structures located on the raceway, but details of mill type
and ownership were not recorded. From other documentary sources,, we can
identify five of the structures as the Beebe Grist Mill (1830), Dennis and
Vail's Ithaca Furnace (1828), the King Furnace Company (c.1830), the
Matthewson/Andrus Paper Mill (1819-1846), and the Bennett McGoffin Plaster
Mill and Carding Room (1813), as show in Figure 6.
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Fall Creek Mills (1827-1926)
In Nov@mber 1827, Jeremiah S. Beebe had purchased 125 acres,of the original
Woodcock property, including the grist mill. The mill was powered by an
overshot waterwheel and had 2 runs of stones. In 1830 he rebuilt the mill and
hired Ezra Cornell to manage the business (Selkreg 1894:170; Peirce 1879:410).
Histor r
n Solomon Southwick referred to the mill as the Olympic Falls Flouring
Mill, nomenclature of his choice which was not popularly used: Southwick
noted that in 1834 the grist mill employed 2 - 5 men, produced 80 - 90 barrels
of flour per day and had ground 40,000 bushels of wheat the previous year
(Southwick 1835:37).
Horace Mack and John James Speed purchased the grist mill on December 1, 1838
for $26,000 and sold it in April 1840 to Pratt and Grant, who in turn, sold
the building to the Ithaca Falls Woolen Manufacturing Co. later in the same
year. During the next few years the building was enlarged to five storeys;
the structure was- destroyed by fire in 1851 following several years of
financial losses (see Figure 10). In 1854, a new grist mill was erected on
the old foundation by Henry S. Walbridge (Selkreg 1894:171) and was known as
the Ithaca Falls Mills (see Photo 2). Some of the timbers used in the new
mill came from the first Ithaca court house which was in the process of being
demolished (Peirce 1879:410). The property was sold to A. M. Hull in 1861
(Crandell 1899; Howe 1891:30). By then, the business was known as the Fall
Creek Mills (see Figure 15; Photo 3).
Fall Creek Mills was a highly successful business known for the production of
high quality flour including the following grades: "Superlative"; "Minnesota
Hard Spring", "Bonney", "Fall Creek", "Golden Harvest", "Standard", and
"Vienna", (Howe 1891:30). Flour was produced in a frame 3 storey structure
measuring 40 by 100 feet with a 30 by 40 foot 2-storey storage wing. Two
waterwheels, one rated at 60 H.P. and the other at 86 H.P., provided the power
for grinding *200 barrels each day. A twenty-roller Odell system was used and
eight men were employed at the Fall Creek Mills establishment in 1891' (Howe
1891:30).
In 1883, Fall Creek Mills . (on the site of Beebe's 1830 grist mill) was,
according to Sanborn, a 2-1/2 storey frame building with a stone basement and
a slate or tin roof. It contained 3 runs of stone, 18 pairs of rollers, 2
smut mills, 2 separators and 1 bran duster on the second floor. A one-storey,
shingle-roofed store house and a one-storey composition-roofed store house
were located in the east wing. A one-storey, shingle-roofed shed traversed
the flume leading into the grist mill (Figure 12). The mill was water
powered.
The 1910 Sanborn map reflected a change in the configuration of the east wing
of Fall Creek Mills, which was now referred to as the Fall Creek Milling Co.
A pit was noted at the extreme east wall which may have marked the location of
the second waterwheel which had been noted as being in place by 1891 (see
Figures 16, 17). This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that a second
flume was shown, located adjacent to the pit (see Figures 18 and 21). In
addition, a one-storey, slate or tin-roofed room (probably an entrance foyer)
was constructed on the west wall of the pit room. Also, the height of the
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mill vfas now recorded as 3 and 2 storeys instead of 2-1/2 storeys as shown in
the nineteenth century maps. An 1891 sketch shows the 2-1/2 storey .structure
while a photo, taken with a 1920's car parked nearby, depicts a 3 storey
building with a 2-1/2 storey wing (photos 4 & 3).
According to the 1919 Sanborn maps, Fall Creek Mills (the Fall Creek Milling
Co.) was powered by water and steam, heated by coal-fired steam; the building
had also been electrified. The first floor contained 10 double stands of
rolls, . 6 packers and 1 steel grinder; the second floor contained 1 tempering
' machinp, 1 screen, 1 bran duster, 1 dryer, 4 purifiers, 1 cleaning machine, 2
disintegrators, 1 magnet, 4 dust collectors and 1 aspirator. . The third floor
housed 1 magnet, 6 bolters, 3 cleaning machines, 2 scourers, 2 agitators, 2
dust collectors and 4 sifters; 3 dust collectors were located in the attic.
Flour production ceased in 1926 (teed 1977:9) and the building was partially
demolished sometime between 1929 and 1940 (Sanborn 1929, 1940).
The Ithaca Paper Compan)�--1819-1954)
In 1819, Phineas Bennett sold a small parcel of land south of the Fall Creek
Mills site to Otis Eddy and Thomas S. Matthewson who built the first papermill
in Tompkins County (Peirce 1879:410).
Mack and Morgan, local Ithaca businessmen and publishers of the American
Journal, purchased the paper mill in 1823; they produced wrapping paper and
white paper. In 1846, while the mill was under the ownership of Mack and
Andrus, a fire almost totally destroyed the structure. The business relocated
in the community of Forest Home, further east on Fall Creek until 1851, when a
new brick building was erected on the Ithaca Fall site (Selkreg 1894:172).
Over the years, Mr. Andrus had several partners including Mary L. McChain.
Referred to as McChain's paper mill in an 1879 Ithaca Daily Journal article,
the manufacturing complex consisted of three buildings. The first structure
had of one-storey and contained machinery for processing pulp into paper. A
three-storey building contained six vats on the ground level with the top two
floors being used for rag storage. Both of these buildings had basements.
The third building, devoted to the manufacture of wrapping paper, consisted of
a first floor containing cutting and forming machinery and an engine room with
vats and rag storage rooms taking up the top'floor (Williams 1879:180; Photo
11). An 1872 map lists Andrus, McChain and Lyons as the owners of this
structure (Bardin/Rutherford 1872).
By 1883, the complex had two distinct divisions: - a lower and an upper mill,
known as the Ithaca Paper Company and the Ithaca Falls Paper Mill
respectively. The Ithaca Paper Company was powered by water and steam and
contained a 100 H.P. engine and a rotary boiler. The building was illuminated
by a combination of kerosene' oil fixtures and natural sunlight, which entered
the machine room through a row of southern windows. The Ithaca Falls Paper
Mill was operated solely by waterpower and also featured oil lighting (Sanborn
1883; Feature 11).
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In 18$3, the Ithaca Paper Company was under the ownership of the Vernon
brothers. The machine room was housed in a brick, 1-1/2 storey, shingle-
roofed structure with an 80 foot-tall chimney located at the northeast corner
next to a diagonally-walled room located adjacent to the raceway; this
unusually-shaped room contained a 100 H.P. engine. A 2-1/2 storey brick
building contained the engine room on the first floor , a second floor devoted
to rag, cutting and storage and a paper duster on the upper half floor. A
brick rag/engine room completed the main brick complex; it was either roofed
in tiro or. slate. A one-storey bleach house and flume entry room were
connected to the brick building; however, they were of frame construction. A
frame limehouse stood separately, south of the main structure (see Figure 12).
The mill was powered by water and steam, which was produced by a rotary
boiler located on the first floor of the engine room.
The Ithaca Falls Paper Mill, located to the southeast, was a 1-1/2 storey
frame building with a 100 foot-high brick chimney on the south side. Two wash
tubs were housed in a one-storey, shingle-roofed wing adjacent to the chimney.
Sandwiched between the washing room and the rag storage room was a narrow
underground area, probably the location of the waterwheel. A. room containing
storage space and the engine room on the first floor and a basement machine
room were located north of the rag room. Rag cutting was conducted in a small
room west of the rag storage area.
A one-storey, shingle-roofed carriage shed and stable stood west of the
building in the driveway (East Lincoln Street extension). A small frame rag
house attached to a masonry limehouse was located south of the driveway, near
the main building. A larger frame rag house varying in height from 1 to 1-1/2
storeys was also located south of the driveway near Lake Street. Farther
south was an area designated for straw storage (see Figures 12 and 19).
The Ithaca Falls Paper Mill (i.e. the upper mill) was sold to "Enz and Miller,
Stationers", in 1887, and subsequently sold to Isadore Rocher, who leased it
to a New England Company owned by Walter Bass and Moran Parsons (Abt
1926:161). By 1910, the mill was recorded as "vacant and dilapidated"
(Sanborn 1910).
The 1919 Sanborn map noted a new building configuration at the site of the
Ithaca Falls Paper Co. Either the original building was demolished between
1910 and 1918 or it was greatly modified prior to 1919, at which time the
Brown Paper Co. was listed as the owner of the frame and stone one-storey,
composition-roofed structure. The two major rooms contained the engine
beaters and the paper machines. The machinery was powered by water and coal-
fired steam which also provided the heat. An oil house was located southwest
of the building and a second oil house was situated at the southeast corner of
the East Lincoln Street extension and Lake Street (see Figure 20). There was
no fire apparatus in the building, which was consumed by flames on September
1, 1925.
In 1888, S. H. Laney bought the lower mill, the Ithaca Paper Company (Howe
1891:39); he was noted as the owner of the property. on a map of the same year
(Sanborn 1888; see Figure 14).
it 11 _
4
Mr. Lapey produced the finest grades of manila, rag wrapping and print paper.
"Ithaca Grey Rag", a superior rag paper, was distributed throughout the United
State and this product accounted for three tons of the eight ton daily
capacity. Mr. Laney, who also owned a tin factory in Elmira, employed 33 men
at his' paper mill (Howe 1891:39).
Througo 1904, the company continued to be known as the Ithaca Paper Company.
However, by 1909 the Empire Paper Company is listed as owning the mill, which
had begn enlarged sometime between 1919 and *1929 (Sanborn 1904, 1919, 1929;
see Figures 15 and 21).
In 1926, the Read Paper Company owned the lower mill; that same year the plant
ran 24 hours per day and produced tissue paper for use by carpet makers valued
at over $300,000 annually (Abt 1926:162). The Read Paper Company was still in
business in 1940. The last owners were Kelly and Forsyth who ceased
production in 1954 (Sanborn 1929, 1940; Leed 1977:8; see Figures 23 and 24).
Ithaca Manufacturing Works (1867-1883)
Originally founded in 1867 'as the Ithaca Agricultural Works, this factory
produced a patented hay rake and seeder which sold in large numbers.
prosperity followed dnd within four years the business had expanded its
facilities on the south bluff overlooking Fall Creek. However, mismanagement
resulted in financial collapse and bankruptcy in 1879.- The business was
bought by J.W. Hollenback from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, who changed the
name to the Ithaca Manufacturing Works.
. As production of the Leader Hay Rake and the Improved Tompkins County
Cultivator increased from 1880 to 1883, twenty to thirty people were employed
at the plant. Approximately 2000 rakes and the same number of cultivators
were manufactured in 1883 (Kurtz 1883:76-77).
A foundry and where iron castings for the implements were forged and which
served this enterprise was located north of the flume channel on the "island"
(Sanborn 1929). A bridge 117 feet long measuring 60 feet high by 30 feet wide
connected the foundry to the buildings on the south bluff (Sanborn 1883,
18887 see Figure 14).
A woodworking shop was situated closest to the bluff. It was housed in a
frame structure measuring 42 feet by 65 feet. Turning lathes, planing mills
and other woodworking machines occupied the first floor. Rakes were assembled
on the second floor and welded in the blacksmith shop, located in a 28 by 30
foot wing on the east side of the building. The paint shop was located 100
feet south of the woodworking shop. It was housed in .a two-storey frame
building measuring, 30 by 60 feet. The completed tools were stored in a two-
storey brick warehouse at 51 Lake Street. The business office was also
located in this 30 by 100 foot structure (Kurtz 1883:77; Williams 180; see
Figures 12 & 13).
All the buildings were connected by a narrow-gauge railroad trestle ranging in
height from 16 to 18 feet (Kurtz 1883:77; Sanborn 1883, 1888).
12
Despite an auspicious second beginning, the Ithaca Manufacturing Works failed
in 1883 due to the growing phenomenon of agricultural conglomerates which
producoad and distributed farm implements more economically (Abt 1926:119).
The Ithaca Gun Company (1880-Present)
The Biggs, Ozman and McElheny Hub and Spoke Factory was located east of the
Ithaca Manufacturing Works in 1872 (Bardin/Ru ther ford 1872; Sanborn 1883). By.
1879, the company was out of business but the building, filled with machinery,
was intact (Williams 1945:180).
In February 1880, W. Henry Baker, a gun inventor and manufacturer from Lisle,
New York, formed a partnership with James E. Van Natta and Dwight McIntyre and
formed the W. H. Baker & Company Gun Factory. The partners purchased the
former hub and spoke factory., A brick structure was added to the original
frame building in 1889-90. Again in 1901, more space was needed and a 30 foot
addition was constructed. A fireproof main building was completed in 1917
(Abt 1926:150; Sanborn 1883, 1888, 1929; see Figure 22).
In 1891, the facility consisted of a two-storey 36 by 125 foot brick structure
housing the machine and assembly shops with a 24 by 30 foot contiguous one-
storey frame polishing shop (Photo 5). A forge and case hardening room
measured 20 by 36 feet while a smaller room, 18 by 20 feet, contained the
soldering. and brazing room. Seventy men were employed at this time (Howe
1891:28). The company name was changed to the Ithaca Gun Com pany .around 1889
and came under the joint ownership of Dwight McIntyre, LeRoy Smith and George
Livermore (Howe 1891:28, Beers 1889; see Figure 14).
The company prospered from its inception. The excellent design of Mr.. Baker's
breech loading shotgun and its affordable price attracted sportsmen who had
previously bought European-made guns (Kurtz 1883:79). The factory which in
1883 had had the capacity to produce only ten guns per day had manufactured
52,000 guns by 1926 (Kurtz 1883:79; Abt 1926:150). Over a period of time, the
Ithaca Gun Company bought and absorbed the Syracuse Arms Company, the LeFever
Arms Company, the Union Fire Arms Company and the Wilkes-Barre Gun Company
(Abt 1926:151).
In 1969, General Recreation, Inc. became the parent company of Ithaca Gun,
which is the smallest gun manufacturer in the U.S. Financial difficulties
due to the economic recession caused a six month shut-down. in 1979 while the
company reorganized under Chapter XI bankruptcy guidelines. Production
resumed in June 1979, but sales were down, reflecting an overall .decrease in
sporting arms sales throughout the industry (Kenerson 1984; 1982 Annual
p 9 9 Y
Report).
Currently, 150 workers are employed by Ithaca Gun. Several new sporting guns
are in production and sales are expected to increase in 1984. It is
anticipated that Ithaca Gun, the only remaining industry at Fall Creek, will
continue producing its world-reknowned firearms well into the second century
of its existence (Kenerson 1984).
13
The Fall Creek Hydropower System (1813-1984)
The Water of Fall Creek was first utilized for industrial purposes in the
early 19th century (c. 1813) when it was channeled through a wooden flume
suspended on a framework mortised to the south wall at Ithaca Fall. The flume
extended as far as the present location of the Ithaca Gun Company (Peirce
1879:409; Photo 1).
The water passed from the flume into a man-:-made open raceway carved out of
rock, traveled 100 feet on a level plane, then rapidly descended in a
northeasterly direction for an additional 200 feet, turned north for .150 feet and
re-entered the creek (Southwick 1835:57 Sanborn 1910).
The wooden flume was an efficient water conveyance during warm weather;
however, it frequently split during the winter season due to freezing,
resulting in an interruption of industrial production (Abt 1926:62).
This condition was rectified .in 1832. A year earlier Jeremiah S. Beebe hired
Ezra Cornell, his employee at the grist mill, to tunnel through the solid rock
of the south cliff in order to reach the raceway (Peirce 1879:410). Since
Cornell, who conceived the idea of the tunnel, had no knowledge of dynamiting
techniques, he sought an experienced technician as an assistant. He hired a
man described by sources only as an Irishman, who had worked on the Cayuga and
Seneca Canal. Work commenced during four months of warm weather in 1831 and
was completed after two additional months of work in the summer of 1832 (Sachse
1977:57 Southwick 5-6).
The tunnel extends through the rock for 200 feet and is approximately 15 feet
wide and high. It was blasted through the rock with the aid of 1,000 kegs of
dynamite and 6 to 10 workers; remarkably, it cost only $2,000 (Southwick 5-6;
Sachse 1977:5; Photo 5). Southwick described the tunnel as follows:
The entrance for about 20 feet is from 16 to 20 feet in width, top
square, allowing for the ruggedness occasioned by blasting. The
remaining 180 feet is pretty much in the shape of an arch-way,
making some allowance for the effect of blasting (Southwick 1835:5;
Photo 7).
In addition to the tunnel, a 5 foot high, 120 foot wide dam was constructed
upstream approximately 150 feet from the base of Forest Fall (Figure 15; Photo
10). Blasting fragments from the tunnel were used to build a northern
retaining wall to direct water from the waterfall basin into the tunnel
(Southwick 1835:6). Two photographs, in possession of the DeWitt Historical
Society in Ithaca, show a wooden flume, elevated on supports, entering the
tunnel (Photos 8 & 9).
The wooden flume channeled the water into the tunnel; it may also hove .been
utilized as an exterior walkway for pedestrians to enter the tunnel which had
an interior walkway (Photos 6, 7 and 10).
14
9
As ear�y as 1834, small timbers had been transversely laid 4 inches above the
tunnel floor to act as support beams. Oak planking was placed on the supports
(Southwick 1835:5-6). In 1866, an interior walkway was still being utilized:
Omer this subterranean stream you walk on a platform of planks,
and the cavernous gloom, the rushing water beneath, the stifled
rear of the Falls beyond, and in the Winter the long icicles that
hang like stalactites from the ceiling, impart a novel and exciting
sensation (Spencer 1866:33).
While the beauty of Ithaca Fall and the engineering feat of the tunnel were
marvels of nature and man, the primary purpose of the water was to provide
power. It was, therefore, of paramount importance to formalize legal control
over the use of the water. To this end, water power lots were drawn up and
each mill obtained rights to a specific water lot. For example, in 1859
rights to Water Power Lot #3 were conveyed to Andrus, McChain and Company for
use of the water to power machinery or wheel's; to be returned to
the race or canal for the benefit of the John J. Speed factory;
there must be no interference with the reservoir dam on Fall Creek
nor prevention of water discharging from the race leaaing to the
paper mill; the grantee can confer with other mill owners regarding
the repairing or rebuilding of the tunnel and has the right to
prevent the owner of the reservoir from diverting the water
(Ithaca Deed Book #2, page 547).
The Ithaca Agricultural Works had the rights to Water Power Lot #5 which
stated that water was to be taken from the raceway approximately 23 feet east
of the Andrus, McChain Water Lot #3. All the above covenants also applied to
Lot #5 (Ithaca Deed Book #61 page 85).
Ithaca Gun Company controlled Lots #6 & 7. Lot #6 was a 100 foot wide parcel
extending from upper Lake Street north to the south bank of Fall Creek; it
provided 40 H.P. Lot #7, located east of #6, provided 60 H.P. (Ithaca Deed
Book #14, page 206).
Ithaca Gun Company continued to control the water rights to Lots #6 and #7
until the 1960's, when they were relinquished to the City of Ithaca. During
the same period, the mill waterwheel was removed and sold (Kenerson 1984).
The 19th century Fall Creek hydrosystem is extant but unused in 1984. While
the wooden flume leading to the tunnel no longer exists, an interior walkway
of undetermined age remains within the tunnel.,
15
FIELD TESTING STRATEGY
Documefitary research and preliminary field reconnaissance indicated proposed
construction activities to have considerable potential impact to European
American nineteenth century industrial resources within the project area.
Archa olo ical field testing was undertaken to locate and identify such
� 9 g
cultural resources expected to.suffer direct or indirect impact and to assess
the na ure and degree of disturbance to which they would be subject.
The project area was horizontally stratified into four sectors (A, B, C and
D), based on architectonic and geographic criteria. Sector A encompasses the
remains of the grist mill and associated land to Fall Creek on the north and
to the main tailrace on the east. Sector B consists of the area south of the
grist mill and north of the mounded fill which covers the remains of the lower
paper mill, bounded ,by the main raceway wall on the east. Sector C includes
the hillock formed by filling and landscaping of the lower paper mill site, as
well as the adjoining areas to the present Ithaca Gun Company fill- site on the
south and the first cliff-like rise on the east. Sector D consists of the
main raceway from its head at the eastern end of Cornell's tunnel to its tail
at Fall Creek, as well as directly associated features of the raceway along
its course and the "island" formed between the raceway and.Fall Creek.
Archaeological field testing was conceived to consist of three interrelated
operations: (1) detailed surface reconnaissance of probable impact areas,
including measurement and identification of visible structural remains
therein; (2) manual and power-assisted' subsurface testing of probable impact
areas where no structural remains were visible or where their identity was not
clear; and (3) photodocumentation of all architectonic features, including
those encountered or identified through subsurface testing, potentially
subject to impact by proposed construction activities. Testing in each sector
was tailored to the nature and degree of impact anticipated for that area as
well as to the types of cultural resources known from documentary sources to
have existed there.
16
FIELD TESTING RESULTS
As mentioned, field testing consisted of three foci: surface reconnaissance,
subsurface testing, and photodocumentation of anticipated impact areas.
Visible structural remains were examined, measured and identified, where
possible, by cross-reference to historic maps and textual sources. This was
particularly important in Sectors A and C, Sector A contains a number of
truncated walls and other structural features pertaining to the grist mill and
possibly to other industrial structures which stood there during the
nineteenth century. Sector C was the site for the construction, alteration and
demolition of several mills and associated structures during the past century
and a half.
Historic structural remains examined in this reconnaissance included.the grist
mill and Flume E structures and walls pertaining to the upper paper mill and
associated buildings. The location of more recent constructions, such as the
retaining wall just south of the south bank of Fall Creek, a contiguous east-
west retaining wall and a recreational area in Sector A were also studied.
The results of this mapping are shown on Figure 27. Comparison with previous
maps from both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries points to a number of
discrepancies regarding the dimensions and locations of historic structures.
For example: according to the 1910 Sanborn map the interior room in the east
(rear) wing of the Fall Creek Mill measured 29 by 20 feet; the complete wing
measured 30 by 37 feet, excluding a notched area on the north wall: The 1920
Crandell map depicted the entsire wing at 37-1/2 by 37-1/2 feet without any
indication of separate room dimensions. Field survey measurements indicate
that the interior room measured 24 by 20 feet. No measurements of the second
room were possible since it is no longer extant.
According to the 1910 and 1919 Sanborn maps, .the second room contained power
equipment, presumably the second waterwheel which was in service by 1891 (Howe
1891:30). Because a natural rock cliff lies to the south and an embankment to
the north, the room must have been suspended across the cleft, thereby
providing -adequate space for the placement of the waterwheel in the cleft.
The greatest discrepancies occurred on the Proposed Fall Creek Park
Development Map (see Figure 25) which recorded the south wall of the grist
mill at 18 feet instead of 45 feet, the west wall at 17 feet instead of 24
feet, the retaining wall'at 25 feet instead of 21 feet, the north wall at13
feet instead of 62 feet. Furthermore, this map contained a misalignment of
the east-west wall located north Flume E, neglected to record a wall located
between the flume and the east wing, and placed the flume walls at 92 feet
instead of 72 feet. Measurements of the Fall Creek retaining wall were also
incorrect and the distance between Lake Street and the east retaining wall had
to be reduced by 7 feet. Figure 27 reflects the corrected measurements.
17
Subsurface testing was carried out in the areas of anticipated construction
impact in Sectors A, B and C. Hand-dug shovel test holes, .hand-dug 3 by 3
foot and 3 by 5 foot test squares, and backhoe trenches were used depending on
terrain, surface conditions and anticipated subsurface material. Locations of
subsurface testing units are depicted in Figures 27, 28, 29 and their contents
summarized in Appendix III.
Sector A
Test Unit 1A, a 3 by 3 foot square, uncovered a concrete floor 15 inches below
ground level (Feature 1; see Figure 27; Photo 16). Its location corresponds
with the small addition to the grist mill, a possible entrance foyer, which
appeared on the 1910 Sanborn map (see Figure 16). Concrete found was of the
type commonly used as a building material in the early 20th century.
Associated artifacts included red and yellow brick fragments, window glass, a
square cut nail and wood.
Test Unit A2, originally a 3 by 3 foot square, was expanded to a 3 by 5 foot
test when large flat rocks with mortar were unearthed at 31 inches. The rocks
were in vertical, rather than horizontal position, possibly• denoting a
collapsed foundation wall. In order to corroborate the find, a 14 toot
backhoe trench was dug and cut stone with mortar, again in a tumbled position,
was encountered at 34 inches. The tumbled rocks lie 24 to 26 feet from the
standing grist mill north foundation wall remains and correspond to the
position of the north foundation wall of the 2 storey wing (see Figure 27).
Associated artifacts included whiteware, ironstone, stoneware, square-cut
nails, glass and brick fragments.
Artifacts recovered from Unit A4, a 3 by 3 foot square,' included red and
yellow brick fragments and whole bricks, coal, slag, glass and nails;
indications of burning were noted.
Test Unit A6 was dug within a 4 foot 10 inch by 6 foot 10 inch oval flume
opening within the grist mill which originally directed water from the raceway
flume (Flume E) to the grist mill power house. The flume opening is
reinforced with coarse aggregate concrete, probably a late 19th century or
early 20th century structural modification.
Test Unit A151 located in the basement powerhouse below the oval flume
opening, originally contained the Waterwheel which powered the grist mill (see
Figure 27). Soil from above .has filtered into the powerhouse.
Test Unit A7 was placed within a 4 foot 11 inch by 6 foot concrete-edged floor
opening located south of Test Unit A6, within the extant walls of the grist
mill (see Figure 27). The function of the floor opening could not be
ascertained and no diagnostic artifacts were recovered.
The west foundation wall of the grist mill was uncovered in Unit A8 at a depth
of 14-1/2 inches (see Figure 27). Recovered artifacts included clear window
glass, -green bottle glass, patinated blue glass, brick, mortar, coal and black
bottle glass.
18
Shovel test holes A10 and All were dug at stream level, south of the retaining
l wall fprming an oblique angle with the main mill walls. This area has long
been subject to disturbance from water dripping from the south cliff and from
springi;ime flooding of the creek. Few artifacts were recovered.
Sector B
Test Units B1 and B2 were located in the direct impact corridor of the
1
proposed access road. They contained nineteenth and early twentieth century
artifacts including black glazed stoneware, whiteware, brown bottle glass,
brick and cement chunks but no architectural features (see Figure 28).
Test Units B3 and B4 were placed in the proposed impact corridor between the
raceway and the mound of fill which covers the Ithaca Paper Co. building
remains (see Figure 28). Recovered artifacts included bricks, an iron pipe,
an iron spike, stoneware drainage pipe fragments, cement chunks and mortar in
a dense concentration. No remains of the mill wall shown on maps to have
stood in this area were located. It seems most likely that the diagonal wall'
no longer exists since large quantities of structural materials, very likely
bi-products of the mill demolition, were found to have been pushed over the
embankment into the raceway southeast of B3 and B4.
The placement of Trench Bl (TrBl) attempted to corroborate oral testimony that
the truncated stubs of Ithaca Paper Co. foundation walls still lie under the
mound of landscaped fill which covers the mill site today. A 16 foot backhoe
trench was placed in a north-south direction to a depth ranging from 54 inches
(north along the corridor) to 70 inches (south into the mound); trenching was
done in 6 inch levels (see Figure 28). Chimney remains were located and a
large quantity of ash and cinders were observed. Large numbers of loosely-
packed q Y 9 Y
packed unarticulated red and yellow bricks and a smaller• number of
unarticulated cut stones were recovered. Additional artifacts encountered
included macadam, coarse aggregate concrete, sheet metal, reinforcement bars
and wood. Nothing which could be defined as the north-south mill wall was
identified, although building debris of the type used in wall construction was
prevalent in the trench.
Trench B2.(TrB2) was placed north of and contiguous to TrBl. It measured 13
feet 8 inches long, 13 feet 6 inches wide and 54 inches deep, and terminated
on a yellow shale bedrock shelf. -Architectural artifacts included unarticulated
red and yellow bricks, cut stone, mortar, reinforcement bars and metal pipes.
No intact remains of a wall structure were found despite the large amount of
construction debris encountered (see Figure 28).
Smaller quantities of construction debris were recovered from TrB3, which was
dug in four sequential adjoining cuts (a, b, c, d) across the proposed access
road (see Figure 28). The yellow shale shelf observed in TrB2 at 54 inches
was again observed in TrB3 at depths of 60 inches (cut 3a), 55 inches (cut
3b), 46 inches (cut 3c), and 30 inches (cut 3d).
19
Trench� B4 (TrB4) was placed south of the standing grist mill south wall which,
according to measurements and documentary sources, was, at one time, an
d 9
interior wall (Sanborn 1910; see Figure 28). The exterior wall was located 15
feet south of the visible wall and defined the space used for the boiler room.
During excavation, an 18 inch thick foundation wall (Feature 1) was located 15
feet south of the former interior wall. A brick floor varying in thickness
from 1.-1/2 to 2 1/2 (Feature 2) inches extended 44 inches north of the
subsur;ace wall and 20 inches to the south, growing markedly thinner south of
the wall. The floor level was noted to be 29 1/2 inches beneath the present
ground surface on the east slope and 18 1/2 inches on the west (see Figure'
32). It can be surmisea that the brick served both as an interior floor for
the boiler room and as a walkway leading to a door. Unfortunately, the
documentary sources available (i.e., Sanborn maps) do not illustrate exterior
doorways, only interior apertures.
Artifacts recovered in the trench which measured 4 feet long, 3 feet wide, and
20-40 inches deep included a green/tan channeled tile, a cinder block, macadam
pieces, bricks, cut stone, wood fragments, a milk glass fragment, a plastic
cup with evenly spaced circular openings and a Coke can.
In an attempt to locate the north wall of the lower paper mill, an 18 foot
trench (TrB5) was dug into the hillock (see Figure 28). . At a depth of 70
inches, a large concentration of unarticulated bricks and concrete was located
in the south portion of the trench, possibly representing building debris from
the razed mill wall. Other recovered artifacts included cut stone, charred
and uncharged wood beams,, macadam and stoneware drainage pipes.
Sector C
Trench Cl (TrCl) was placed within the foundation walls of the former Brown
Paper Co. -(i.e., upper mill) structure. which burned down in 1925. The trench
measured 20 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 22 inches deep and contained building
debris, slag, charcoal and ash. A 10 inch charcoal layer was observed on the
north wall of the trench and a heavy ash deposit in the northeast corner (see
Figure 29).
Trench C2 (TrC2), measuring 6 feet 8 inches long, 3 feet wide and 14 inches
deep, contained bricks and charcoal and terminated in a shale shelf at 14
inches. A square-cut nail and brick fragments were recovered from TrC3, which
measured 7 feet 6 inches long, 4 feet 2 inches wide and 15 inches deep.
TrC4 was dug into the mound covering the Ithaca Paper Co. structure remains in
an attempt to locate the south wall of that mill. Remains of the wall we're
identified 15 feet north of the SW-SE trench boundary at a depth of 72 inches.
The trench measured 18 feet long, 2-1/2 feet wide and 6 feet deep (see Figure
29). Recovered artifacts included a pearl ware fragment with a handpainted
blue motif, a 12" round spike, a yellow brick with mortar,- red bricks, metal
pipe fragments and sheet metal.
20
a
}
During the site reconnaissance, two concrete slabs were observed at ground
level. Trench C5 (TrC5) was dug parallel to the larger slab and a 6 foot 10
inch portion of a concrete foundation (Feature 2) was revealed (see Photo. 12).
The wa.�l's. exterior face contains a' shallow shelf six inches below the prsent
top and then continues to a depth of 14 inches. The concrete -foundation
continued north and south of the exposed section and corresponds with. the .west
wall of the Brown Paper Co. mill structure which extended for a distance of 45
feet (gee Figure 20). The shallow shelf may have provided a support for an
entran4e stoop or porch.
i
A 3 foot test square (Cl) was placed at the site of the second observed
concrete slab. A wall running perpendicular to the slab was encountered which
formed the northeast corner of a foundation (Feature 1; Photo 13).
The remains of several foundation walls remain visible at the former Brown
Paper Co. mill site. At the extreme east end of Sector C, below the cliff, a
stone wall runs parallel to the main raceway. Three sides of a foundation,
located southwest of the aforementioned wall, also stand today. Both
structures are constructed of cut stone.
Two oil houses were noted in this area on Sanborn's 1919 map (see Figures 18
and 20). The upper oil house was located near the Brown mill structure. Two
cut-stone walls of the oil house were identified in reconnaissance as still
visible and their measurements, 10 feet by 30 feet, correspond exactly with
those noted on the historical map.
The second .oil house was recorded on the 1919 Sanborn map as being located on
the southeast corner of the East Lincoln Street extension. Measurements of an
extant concrete slab at that location were 18 feet 6 inches by 25 feet.
However, the Sanborn map measurements of 18 feet by 37 feet reveal a
discrepancy of 8 feet. Despite the difference, however, -it is very probable
that the concrete slab is at least a part of the documented oil house
structure (see Figure 18).
Sector D
' Site reconnaissance and photo documentation were conducted in Sector D, the
raceway and on the island (Photo 17).
The abutment for the 1867 bridge which connected the Ithaca Manufacturing
Works to the island foundry was observed on the south cliff of the island,
directly north of a 10 foot dam (Dam A) which spans the raceway (Photo 18•).
Dam B, a 12' foot structure, is located 175 feet east of Dam A and a third dam
(Dam C), 15 feet in height, stands 105 feet east of Dam B.
Five secondary flumes ran off the main raceway to enable water power to serve
a wider. area of industrial production. The entrance to Flume A, which
provided water to the Ithaca Paper Co. and its predecessors, is located at the
1867 bridge site; the tailrace associated with this flume is still visible
further down the raceway. The entrance to Flume B is located 60 feet east of
that former bridge at a 20 foot waterfall; it supplied water for the upper
21
i
7 ,
paper mill known as the Ithaca Falls Paper Company and later as the Brown
Paper -Company. The Ithaca Manufacturing Works flume (Flume C) lies 125 feet
east of Flume B, near the present Ithaca Gun Company bridge (see Figure 26).
Flume'D channeled water to the Ithaca Gun Company and is located,80 feet east
of Flume C at a 15 foot fall (see Figure 26).
The intake entrances for Flumes A, B, C, are still visible but the flume
channels are not. Flume D (Ithaca Gun Co.) is intact and leads to the old
power use where the waterwheel was located.
II, .
Flume -E is also largely intact and clearly visible over its entire length. It
supplied water to Fall Creek Mills through a 72 foot channel, originally
constructed of stone and later modified with the addition of concrete walls
(see'Figure 30; Photos 14 and 15).
The 200 foot tunnel, completed by Ezra Cornell in 1832, is also intact, as is
the overflow channel located west of the tunnel.
Because anticipated impact in Sector D will be confined to the raceway and
areas bordering this structure and because the extent and nature of impact can
be ascertained by visual examination, field testing was restricted to
reconnaissance and preliminary photodocumentation in this sector.
22
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
The fipld testing procedures discussed in the preceding sections located and
identified the cultural resources subject to impact within the project area
and clarified the nature and degree of impact to these resources which can be
anticipated by proposed construction activities. No evidence of Native
American► activity was located.
In Sector A, discrepancies between historical maps, modern maps and
measurements obtained through field survey and excavation made exact
determination of the limits of direct impact through proposed transmission
line installation difficult. Specifically, the degree of impact which may be
anticipated to the currently standing remains of the northernmost grist mill
wall varies from total to slight, depending upon the final alignment selected.
What can more clearly be seen is the direct impact to a section of the
currently standing remains of the north and east walls (see #1 on Figure 33)
of the former grist mill, the buried remains of the northeast and west walls
(see #2 on Figure 33) of that structure, and buried interior mill features,
such as the concrete floor (see 113) encountered in Test Unit Al, which lie
beneath the present passive recreational area. Direct impact is also
anticipated for the largely intact tailrace of Flume E (see #4), which runs
beneath this present recreation area. Several building phases and structural
modifications are visible in this tunnel which carried water from the location
of water-powered grist mill machinery to Fall Creek over the long period of
the mill's operation (see Figure 12).
The staging and operation of heavy construction equipment and the placement of
temporary access ramps for powerhouse construction and transmission line
placement constitute likely indirect impact to extant cultural resources in
Sector A. Such impact would involve the former powerhouse (see #5), interior
walls in the northern portion (see #6) of the former mill structure and
structural features, such as the east retaining wall (see #7) and the oblique
south retaining wall (see #8), which lie east of the easternmost standing mill
wall. Assessment of the extent of indirect impact in this, as well as other
sectors, must remain somewhat general until final construction strategies and
specifications are determined.
No remains of earlier 19-th century structures were found in Sector A. The
land between the extant foundation walls.and Fall Creek has been greatly
modified over the last 150.years. The demolition of the grist mill's north
wing superstructure and the subsequent creation of the present park facilities
have contributed to changes in the appearance of the land surface. Shoreline
erosion has likely undermined and washed away the remains of any earlier mills
(such as Thompson's Oil Mill) which were located close to the stream. Further
topographic and subsurface modifications no doubt accompanied the replacement
of the nineteenth century bridge shown on Sanborn's maps by a twentieth
century span which has, in all probability, been replaced a second time. The
retaining wall located east of the bridge today provides a buffer against
23
further erosion but its construction would have obliterated any structural
remain; of early mills. The combination of these factors create only a remote
possibility of locating any pre-1830 structure north of the grist mill or
beneath its ruins.
The area designated as Sector B' would contain the proposed access road
connecting Lake Street with the new power generating facility to be built east
of the former grist mill. Surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing
located the southernmost structural features of the grist mill and the former
north wall of the lower paper mill. Subsurface testing also explored the
possibility that the space between the defined limits of the grist mill and
lower paper mill walls might contain remains of structures dating to the early
nineteenth century, such as Bennett's Plaster and Card Mill (Tests TrBl, TrB2,
TrB3, TrB4 and TrB5); no structural remains were encountered.
Subsurface testing did ascertain the location within the access road impact
zone of the boiler room and office, shown in Figure 17. However, no intact
structural remains were encountered within the corridor to the south which for
present purposes, can be considered impact free. We must conclude that any
early nineteenth century structures which might have been located here or to
the south of the papermill site were obliterated by subsequent construction
activities. The presence of a shale bedrock shelf only 3 - 5 feet below the
present ground surface in this area argues. for the likelihood of any earlier
foundations and architectural debris having been removed prior to the
construction of subsequent buildings to provide sounder structural footing.
Significant impact to the main raceway and the entrance to Flume E is
anticipated by the proposed construction of the eastern end of the access road
and parking facility. Such impact, which would be intensified by the use of
this area as a staging site for construction of the generating facility, would
constitute considerable disturbance to and removal of a significant aspect of
a largely intact cultural resource of potential eligibility for nomination to
the National Register of Historic Places.
Field testing in Sector C located the remains of both the upper and lower
paper mills, as well as those of two oil houses and other not readily
identifiable structures associated with the mill operations. .This sector will
not be subject to direct impact from the proposed construction activities.
However, indirect impact to remains of the mill complexes is likely through
the use of the fill mound and currently lightly wooded areas to the south and
east for storage and staging of heavy equipment and construction materials,
deposition of fill and/or grading associated with subsequent landscaping.
In Sector D, the entire course of the main raceway, the entrances to flumes A;
B, C, and D, the extant tailrace of Flume A and the three dams which were
constructed to control water flow and distribution in this nineteenth century
hydrosystem will all suffer direct and significant impact through proposed
penstock installation. Direct impact to the raceway walls and water control
mechanism'at the entrance to Flume E by proposed access road construction has
already been discussed. Direct impact is also anticipated for the entire
length of the tunnel built by Ezra Cornell at the top of the raceway through
the planned excavation of the tunnel floor and the proposed installation of
24
{
rock belts in the ceiling and chain links at three vertical joints. Placement
of
intake gate structures at the entrance and exit of the tunnel is seen as
sources; of additional direct impact; the western intake gate will also cause
impact' to the overflow channel which links the tunnel exit with Fall Creek.
This irppact would again constitute significant disturbance to a cultural
resource of potential eligibility for National Register status.
The remains of early and later nineteenth century foundries and standing
historic storage structures, located on the island between the raceway
channel and Fall Creek, are located outside the anticipated project impact
area, unless the "island" is used as a staging area for powerhouse or penstock
construction. The north abutment of the 1867 bridge linking the "island" with
the former Ithaca Manufacturing Company industrial structures to the south is
still intact and subject to indirect impact through destabilization which can
be expected to accompany blasting activities associated with penstock
installation.
25
RECOMMENDATIONS
Documentary research and field testing have located and identified a number of
cultural resources which are anticipated to be subject to direct or indirect
,impact through proposed hydroelectric generation facility construction below
Ithaca Fail on Fall Creek in the City of Ithaca.
It is recommended that impact to such resources be avoided or minimized
wherever possible. Specifically, this can be accomplished by:
a
(1) placement of the proposed transmission line under or next to the access
road planned for Sector E south of the grist mill remains, thus entirely
avoiding impact to the northern portion of Sector A;
(2) placement of the proposed access road in. the center of the documented
impact-free corridor, avoiding impact to the identified structural remains on
the south side of the former grist mill;
(3) realignment of the eastern end and northward projection of the access road
and parking facility to avoid the largely intact main raceway and water
control mechanism at the entrance to Flume E, passing instead west of the
raceway and through the already partially destroyed Flume E channel to the
west;
(4) restriction of material and equipment storage and staging activities in
Sector C to the center of the fill mound, avoiding impact to areas where paper
mill complex remains have been identified on or near the ground surface; and
(5) avoidance of Sector C as a deposition site for fill and/or as an area for
grading and landscaping activities.
For portions of the proposed project area where avoidance of impact to
identified cultural resources is not feasible, and for the entire Sector D
impact zone, data recovery is recommended prior to the beginning of any
construction activities in order to mitigate the impact of cultural resource
destruction. For Sectors A, B and C, such mitigation should consist of
further archaeological excavation of impact areas, the careful recording of
architectural features located and the recovery and analysis of artifacts ,
encountered. For Sector D, it is recommended that mitigative measures include
careful measurement, mapping and photodocumentation of all structures subject
to impact and the recovery of any removable portions of the raceway complex,
such as flume gate fixtures, interior fixtures from Cornell's tunnel and other
water control devices.
26
It is fuxther recommended that supplementary archaeological testing be undertaken
in the event of any changes in project plans that would entail impact to any por-
tion of the former Ithaca Fall industrial complex noted here to contain cultural
interior of the former grist mill. Such
resource, such as the island or the
additional field testing would dtermine the nature and extent of impact to cul-
tural repources and discuss possible mitigative measures to be undertaken.
Prepared by:
Stephen J. Oberon
Claire F. Perez
27
4
REFERENCES CITED
Abt, Henry Edward
1926 Ithaca, Origin & Growth. Ithaca: Ross W. Kellogg
Anonymous
1840(7) Map of Ithaca in possession of N.Y.S. Archives, Albany, N.Y.
Bailey, q. E.
1835 Mop of Ithaca. New York: Miller & Co (in possession of DeWitt
Historical Society, Ithaca, N.Y.).
Bardin, A. G. (supervised by J. H. Rutherford)
1872 Ithaca, Tompkins County. Philadephia (Pa.): J. J. Toudy & Co.
Beers, F. W.
1889 Map of City of Ithaca. New York: Beers Publishing Co.
Bevan, J. and H. B. Seely
1851 Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York. New York: H. B. Seely and John
Bevan (in N.Y.S. Archives, Albany, New York).
Bier, J. A.
1966a Geology in New York Educational Leaflet No. 20. Geological Survey.
New York State Museum and Science Service (Albany).
1966b Land Forms. and Bedrock Geology of New York State. New York State
Museum and Science Service (Albany).
City of Ithaca
1957 General Property Map of the City of Ithaca
Cortwright, T.
1968 Danby Historical Sketches. Ithaca (N.Y.): DeWitt Historical Society
of Tompkins County.
Crandall, C.
1920 Fall Creek Map. Ithaca Gun Co.
1932
Crandall, K. P.
1899 The City of Ithaca, New York, in City Hall Planning Dept., Ithaca (N.Y.)
1909
DeWitt Historical Society
1980 With a Jeweler's Eye: The Photographs of Joseph C. Burritt. Ithaca:
Wilcox Press, Inc.
Ellis, D. M., J. A. Frost and W. B. Fink
1961 New York: The Empire State. Englewood Cliffs (N.J.): Prentice Hall
28
t
Follett/ H. C.
1957 'The Cayugas. Archaeological Society of Central New York 12(3):22-25
French( J. H.
1860 Historical and Statistical Gazetteer of the State of New York.
;Syracuse: R. P. Smith.
Genera Recreation, Inc.
198po
2 Annual Report. Ithaca: General Recreation.
Goldstein, D.
1979 Bibliography of Maps - Industrial Sites, Nineteenth Century, Ithaca,
New York, and Archaeological Site. Inventory Forms, in Halliwell
Associates, Ithaca Falls Hydroelectric Power Project Application .
(1982), Section VIII Appendix of Exhibit E.
Halliwell Associates
1982 Ithaca Municipal Hydroelectric Project, Exhibit "G-2".
Howe, F. S. & J. B.
1891 Ithaca, New York Illustrated. Ithaca (N.Y. ): F. S. Howe.
Karlen, A. and P. Edmondson
n.d. An Investigation into the Archaeology of Tompkins County, New York.
Senior Paper, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University.
Kurtz, D. Morris
1883 Ithaca & Its Resources. Ithaca: Journal Association Book & Job Print.
Mack, Horace
1876 Historical Record of Ithaca & Tompkins County read at the Centennial
Celebration, July 41 1876.
Norris, W. G.
1944 Old Indian Trails in Tompkins County. Ithaca (N.Y.) : Dewitt
Historical Society of Tompkins County.
Parish, I.
1964 It Happened In Lansing. Ithaca (N.Y.): DeWitt Historical Society of
Tompkins County.
Parker, A. C.
1922 The Archaeological History of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin
Nos. 237/238. Albany (N.Y.).
Peirce, H. B. & D. Hamilton Hurd
1879 History of Ti6ga, Chemung, Tompkins and Schuyler Counties.
Philadelphia (Pa. ): Everts & Ensign.
Rayback, R. J. (editor)
1959 Richards Atlas of New York State. Phoenix (N.Y. ): F. E. Richards.
29
4
Ritchie, William A.
1965 : The Archaeology of New York State. Garden City (N.Y.): Natural History
Press.
Sachse, Gretchen, Janet Mara & Gretel Leed
1977 'The Spirit of Enterprise: Nineteenth Century in Tompkins County.
Ithaca: Hinckley Foundation Museum.
Sanborn
1883 Insurance Maps of Ithaca, N.Y. New York: Sanborn Map Company
1888
1910
1919
1929
Selkreg, John H.
1894 Landmarks of Tompkins County, New York. Syracuse: D. Mason & Co.
Southwick, Solomon
1835 Views of Ithaca and Its Environs by An Impartial Viewer. Ithaca: D.
D. & A. Spencer.
Spencer, Spence
1866 The Scenery of Ithaca & the Head Waters of the Cayuga Lake. Ithaca:
Spence Spencer.
State of New York
1969 An Atlas of Natural and Cultural Resources. New York Museum and
Science Service (Albany).
Stone and Stewart
1866 New Topographical Atlas of Tompkins County, N.Y. Philadelphia (Pa.):
Stone & Stewart.
USGS
1066 East Ithaca, N.Y., NW/4 Dryden 15' Quandrangle (N4222.5 - W7622.5/7.5).
INFORMANTS:
Kenerson, Douglas
1984 Ithaca Gun Co., Ithaca, N.Y.
Meigs, Jonathan
1984 Planning Department, City Hall, Ithaca, N.Y.
30
i
APPENDIX I - FIGURES
4
Clinton
Fran►:1in
St. Lawrence
d
• � Essex .,
Q Jeverson
r
Lewis p.amilton
J V:arrt:n
'LAKE ONTARIO
• 1'�esh-
ington
Oviego
Oneida too-a
Q O;Iczns Fulton Svz� -
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L{onroe Heri:imer
' Onondeoa lJont-
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Ontario r Rcnssc-
Sen• htadison \/1 Izer i
%-yoming eca Cayuga u'
Living• Cort Otsego Albany j
LAKE LRIE Erie %ton Yates Chenanoo 5choherie r
land V
Tornp- Q
Scl,uylcr kin Grcane Q
Cclurn. g
CalIarsu?us
Steuben Dela,•:are bia
Allcghany Chemurg Ti oga Broome
Ch±utzu4ua � }- .
Ulster
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1
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LL,o� w fir) z I I
Cr + I
1
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A.
WI /
.. Fiqure 2- - Location of Project Area
in Tompkins County
Figure 3 - Location of Project
in the City of Ithaca
Or
0019
� •J,..,� ..11•/jenlr,•. • r n b
•� } fin: m. o/.
Xyllga
049 �•. WI
Ithaca ,l
I� _ � �. •.;`( ., .,dd7 Country Club , 31�9e5
' •i� Lake V. �. •��• •- •` `1 Magnetic Ste��
it urewflonw
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/949 �: .� ��-�� a Oy
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i V
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7
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New(ioldL
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- y
'z CAR0L. It4E
NEW FII:: L.D D A N BY _
• W Danby _1__ White Churuh
•S. n by �-----Sp • Ile
•Ju�.l<san
Scale of Miles
0 1 ! ♦ S C 7
TOMPKINS COUNTY
Known Native Sites in
Figure 4 - Tompkins County (c.1920)
(from Parker 1922)
9
Ae
pxTON
SING
���AN '••�f�A i � R � a
6CN c�couNry �� 1 �.dlovr:ll. I to
yn r
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rb un t/1 the radian ones of'som.Sf r.anK
T H' -� 'I
M W tii((a es and Localities indicated. '> i+
z 0 legend 14;:
0 G I s•�• �_ 1 — J
K Village Site A lndianTrails---- 1,.,1 �'��dc 4 •' l ' 1' _
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Figure 9
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LEWIS STREET
A-
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1 _ Figure 10 - Detail of Fall Creek _
TOMPKINS STREET _ - Corl-,�lex (1354)
&iff 60
of
i86 6 \
s�nre, sfa w•.�
Figure 11 - Detail of Fall Creek _
Complex (1866)
Lj I N . AURORA
I� 'r,A44r 1111
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Z ► ♦ n
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Figure 12 - Fall. Creek Complex (1883)_
r'iyure ii - r'aii ureeK complex(1889)-
J � '
A �,-� N . AURORit �®
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Figure 14 - Detail of i';.r A Creck -
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Figure 25
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Flumes
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.A 13
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_ A2 Q Shovel test square
GRIST MILL == P Architec tural
L� Tr (Ruins ®, Features
A 1 u s)
oH.x 0 �Te/ephone Pole Retoining wall
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FIGURE 27 /
SECTOR B
• 84�
Access Road /
40 B 3 /
Approximate edge of hillock
P
C Tr B I Original building wall
m - Tr 82
== Picnic Area
d b a I
Tr, 83 ITHACA PAPER CO.
(Demolished)
I KEY
Tr 84 Tr 85 Chimney
GRIST MILL I
'•'�; ?arr'r Extant walls
Trench
0 20 1 • Shovel test hole
Brown
Paper Company
(Demolished)
Tr Cl
Tr C5 Tr C2
Tr C3
\ Cl
1
Approximate
edge of hillock? CARRIAGE
I HOUSE/SHED
(Demolished)
Original building
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EXTENSION
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(Demolished) I SECTOR C
Potential Staging Area
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.o a Concrete Slab
FIGURE 29
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PJ?o-rECT SITE E PLAIJ k e
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ITHACA
MUNICIPAL HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
" - - EXHIBIT This drawing is a part of the O T 2 BOUNDARY
application for license matte by the r / SITE PLAN - PROJECT
untkrvgncd this _ day, SCALE 1•80
of • ' IY92. ---
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---------------- I LLIWELL--ASSOCIATES INC.
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Figure 30 - Proposed Hydroelectric
Project (1982)
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o
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FIGURE 31 1 201
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i
WALL PfROFI LE
Sector 8
` Features /a 2
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2 - --_ -- - - n
�gd-brown sandy topsoil
f.
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own
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urn brown silt
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Figure 32
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FIGURE 33
POTEwTIe L IMPACT ARF AS
SECTOR A
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APPENDIX II - PHOTODOCUMENTATION
4
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p Photo 2
Ithaca Falls Mills, owned by H.S. Wallbridge
1854-1861 - view to east
(courtesy DeWitt Historical Society)
EEh �IIILLS'
FALL
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Photo 3
Fall Creek Mills, 1920's
View to northeast
(Courtesy DeWitt Historical Society)
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Photo 4
Fall Creek Mills, 1891
View to north
(Courtesy DeWitt Historical Society)
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Photo 5
Ithaca Gun Co, 1891
View to north
(Courtesy DeWitt Historical Society)
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Photo 8
Fall Creek Tunnel and Wooden Flume
View to west
( Y Courtes DeWitt Historical Society)
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Photo 9
Fall Creek Tunnel, Wooden Flume and Retaining Wall
View to west
(Courtesy DeWitt Historical Society)
4
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Photo 11
Fall Creek Complex, 1846-1861
Veiw to east
(Courtesy DeWitt Historical Society)
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Photo 18
Sector D
Dam A
(view to east)
APPENDIX III - SUBSURFACE TESTING CONTENTS
UNIT STRATUM DEPTH SOIL PROFILE CULTURAL REMAINS
SECTOR A
Al 1 0 - 8.5" medium brown topsoil 1) clear bottle glass
2 8.5 - -12.5" medium brown silt; many rocks 3) yellow fire brick frag-
3 12.5 - 15" charcoal and ash lens ments, light green window
4 15" concrete floor glass, square cut nail,
red brick fragments, wood
A2 1 0 - 3" medium brown topsoil 2) coal, brick fragments,
2 3 - 10" medium brown silt; rocky; ash wire nail
3 10 - 15" light brown. sandy silt 4) whiteware, ironstone, .
4 15 - 31" mediuin brown silt; rocky earthenware, square cut
5 31" light brown silt nails, glass, slag.at 27"
5) large rocks with mortar
A3 1 0 - 5" medium brown topsoil 3) flat stones with mortar,
2 5 - 12 medium brown sandy silt brick fragments, nails,
3 12 - 19" dark brown silt; ash pocket ash, coal
4 19 - 21" ash lens 5) charcoal, whiteware,
5 21 - 24" black silt .(burned); ash glass, nails, 3/4" cable
6 24 - 27" red-black mottled silt 6) coal, slag, nails
7 27 - 30" medium brown silt
A4 1 Q - 5.5" medium brown topsoil 2) charcoal, yellow fire
2 5.5 - 14.5" medium brown silt; small rocks; brick
charcoal lens 7"-11" on south 3) red brick fragments and
wall whole brick, yellow brick
3 14.5 - 19" dark brown silt; gravelly; fragments, coal, glass,
burned layer at 16.5" nails, unidentifiable
4 19 - 20" compact rust colored soil, metal
compact; evidence of burning 4) brick fragments, coal,
piece of cement
A5 1 0 - 10"l- dark brown organic soil 1) 20th century clear bottle
2 10" bluestone flooring slabs base
UNIT STRATUM DEPTH SOIL PROFILE CULTURAL REMAINS
[SECTOR A]
A6 1 0 - 4" dark brown organic soil 1) 20th century litter
2 4 - 8" medium brown organic soil 2) 4110" x 6110" oval hole -
made of 8" coarse aggre-
gate concrete (flume
opening)
A7 1 0 - 8" dark brown organic soil 1) macadam chunks
2 8 - 19" yellow-brown sandy fill 2) wire, unidentifiable
mottled with charcoal and round metal object within
rust 4111" x 6' opening in a
concrete slab
.A8 1 . 0 - 6" medium brown topsoil 1) insulated copper wire,
2 6 - 14.5" yellow-brown silt; many small rubber washer
rocks (c. 2" diameter) 2) clear window glass, green
3 14.5 - 18" cut stone bottle glass, ,patinated
glass fragments and
bottle base embossed with
..ORK", green glass
embossed with "PHIL", a
black glass bottle neck
with cork- in place at
12", 3 sided green bottle
fragment, brick, mortar,
coal
3) west foundation wall of
Beebe's Grist Mill
A9 1 0 - 11" medium brown clay fill 1) glass, brick fragments,
2 11 - 13" concrete rubble concrete fragments
2) concrete rubble
A10- 1 0 - 5" medium brown topsoil 1) aluminum foil
2 5 - 13" medium brown soil; rocky 2) glass fragments
UNIT STRATUM DEPTH SOIL PROFILE CULTURAL REMAINS
[SECTOR A]
All 1 0 - 4" medium brown clay 2) glass, porcelain fragment
2 4 - 13.5" medium brown clayey silt; many
medium rocks
Al2 1 0 - 7" dark brown topsoil 3) brick fragment,
2 7 - 9" dark brown silt with coal ash unidentifiable metal
3 9 - 19" dark brown silt with shale object
fragments
4 19" shale bedrock
A13 1 0 - 2" dark brown organic soil ` 2) metal pipe
2 2 - 4" medium brown clay; compact 3) iron bolt, square nails,
3 4 - 17" medium brown clay wire nails, unidenti-
fiable metal, 6" square
spike
A14 1 0 - 12" dark brown organic soil 1) cement fragments, mortar
2 12 - 14" dark brown organic soil, flat fragments
stones (loosely packed) 2) construction debris
3 14 - 16" golden brown shale bedrock
A15 1 0 - 30" medium brown slightly sandy fill 1) cement block fragments,
2 30 - 36" medium brown sandy fill ceramic, spike, brick
fragments, macadam
2) building debris
TrAl 1 0 - 5" medium brown topsoil 2) light green window glass
2 5 - 23" medium brown fill; many rocks fragment, coal, slag,
3 23 - 34" medium brown fill; concentration brick fragments (yellow &
of mortar 23"-3611, 2'-3' north red) , cut stone, stone-
of SW-SE trench boundary ware crock at 17-1/2"
4 34-36" cut stone with mortar 3) Mortar, wood, wire nail &
metal at 25"
4) Tumbled wall
S PROFILE REMAINS
UNIT STRATUM DEPTH SOIL PRO IL CULTURAL
SECTOR B
B1 1 0 - 1" medium brown topsoil 2) black glazed stoneware,
2 1 - 4" medium brown very fine sand whiteware
3 4 - 18.5" medium brown clayey, gravelly soil 3) asphalt chunks, cement
chunk
B2 1 0 - 3" medium brown topsoil; tree roots 3) brick fragment, embossed
2 3 - 5" yellow-brown very fine sand; tree brown bottle glass
roots
3 5 - 16 medium brown clayey soil; tree
roots
4 16 - 17" closely packed rocks
B3 1 . 0 - 18" dark brown silt. 1) iron spike, large brick
2 18 - 19" dark brown silt with large rocks fragments, drainage pipe
(c. 6" diam.) fragment, cement chunks
B4 1 0 - 11" dark brown silt 1) unmarked bricks and brick
2 11 - 12" dark brown silt; many rocks and fragments, stoneware,
bricks drainage pipe fragments,
wire, 23.5" long iron 5"
diameter pipe
TrBl 1 0 - 10" medium brown topsoil 2) red bricks with mortar,
2 10 - 70" dark brown fill; heavy concen- yellow fire bricks, cut
tration of ash in south end of stone, ash, coarse
trench aggregate concrete,
3 70" yellow shale shelf macadam, sheet metal,
reinforcement bars, metal
pipes, wood
TrB2 1 0 - 4" medium brown topsoil 2) red bricks, yellow
2 4 - 48" medium brown fill bricks, mortar, metal
3 48 - 54" dark brown soil rods (smooth & spiral) ,
4 54" yellow shale shelf metal pipes, cut stone
3) same as stratum (2)
i
UNIT STRATUM DEPTH SOIL PROFILE CULTURAL REMAINS
[SECTOR B]
TrB3 1_ 0 - 4" medium brown topsoil
2 4 - 26" medium brown fill
3 26 - 30" dark brown soil
4 -30 - 60" yellow-grey shale shelf 3) macadam, 1 cut stone,
bricks (some with mortar)
ash, metal pieces
TrB4 1 East 0 - 2.5" brown sandy soil 2) green & tan channeled
2 East 2.5 - 29.5" medium brown fill tile, cinder block,
3 East 29.5 - 32" brick floor (north section of macadam, milk glass frag-
trench) ment, plastic fragment,
4 East 32 - 40" medium brown soil Coke can, cut stone,
• d
wood fragments, brick
3) brick floor
TrB4 1 West 0 - 2.5" brown sandy soil 2) green & tan channeled
2 West 2.5 - 18.5" medium brown fill tile, cinder block,
3 West 18.5 - 21" brick floor (north section of macadam, milk glass frag-
trench) ment, plastic fragment,
4 West 21 -. 28" medium brown soil Coke can, cut stone, wood
fragments, brick
3) brick floor
TrB5 1 0 - 6" medium brown topsoil 2) red brick, yellow brick,
2 6 - 84" medium brown fill charred & uncharred wood
beams, macadam, concrete,
stoneware drainage pipe,
cut stones
UNIT STRATUM DEPTH SOIL PROFILE CULTURAL REMAINS
SECTOR C
C1 1 0 - 5" concrete foundation in dark brown 1) bricks, charcoal, ash
fill
5" foundation base
TrCl 1 South 0 - 6" medium brown topsoil 1) charcoal, brick frag-
2 South 6 - 22" yellow-brown silt ments; slag, ash
3 South 23" shale shelf 2) building material frag-
ments, ash
TrCl 1 North 0 - 12" medium brown topsoil 1) building material frag-
2 North 12 - 22" charcoal lens; heavy concen- ments
tration of ash in NE section 2) charcoal, ash
3 North 23" yellow grey shale shelf
TrC2 1 0 - 12" dark brown fill with shale 1) charcoal, brick fragments
2 12 - 14" yellow-grey shale shelf
TrC3 1 0 - 13" medium brown fill with small 1) square-cut nail, brick
rocks fragments
2 13 - 15" yellow-grey shale shelf
TrC4 1 0 - 9" medium brown topsoil 1) hand-painted blue leaf
2 9 - 24" orange-brown fill motif pearlware fragment
3 24 - 72" dark brown fill 2) 12" round spike
4 72" wall 3) yellow brick with mortar,
red bricks, metal pipe
fragments, sheet metal,
mortar
` TrC5 1 0 - 14" Concrete foundation remains 1) bricks, charcoal, ash
(6110" long) in dark brown 2) same as stratum (1)
fill
2 14 - 20" dark brown fill